LAST UNIT OF APPPP EUROOOOOOOOOOOOO

Who became the General Secretary of the USSR after Brezhnev and attempted limited reforms before his death in 1984?

Yuri Andropov

What book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn exposed the Soviet labor camp system?

The Gulag Archipelago

What were the main goals of the Reagan–Gorbachev summits in the 1980s?

To reduce nuclear tensions, negotiate arms control agreements, and improve U.S.–Soviet relations.

What term describes Gorbachev’s policy of “restructuring” the Soviet economy?

Perestroika

What was the purpose of intermediate-range nuclear missiles during the Cold War?

They could strike targets at medium distances (500–5,500 km), raising U.S.–Soviet tensions and leading to arms control negotiations.

Which Soviet reform allowed for more transparency, freedom of speech, and openness?

Glasnost

What legislative body did Gorbachev create to introduce limited electoral competition?

Congress of People’s Deputies

What were the Strategic Arms Treaties (SALT and START) designed to do?

Limit and reduce nuclear weapons between the U.S. and USSR.

Who were dissidents in Eastern Europe?

Individuals who opposed state policies, often risking imprisonment.

Which Hungarian leader implemented “Goulash Communism” combining limited reform with authoritarian control?

János Kádár

Who was the Czech dissident playwright that became president after the Velvet Revolution?

Václav Havel

Which Polish communist leader ruled from 1956–1970 and initially liberalized, but later became conservative?

Władysław Gomułka

Who was the East German leader during the Berlin Wall era?

Erich Honecker

Who was the Romanian dictator executed after a 1989 revolution?

Nicolae Ceaușescu

Which Polish leader borrowed heavily from the West to modernize industry in the 1970s?

Edward Gierek

Which West German Chancellor oversaw German reunification?

Helmut Kohl

Who led Poland’s Solidarity movement and later became president?

Lech Wałęsa

What was Charter 77?

A Czechoslovak human rights manifesto criticizing government violations.

What term refers to the debate over Germany’s post-WWII division and reunification?

The German Question

Who imposed martial law in Poland in 1981 to suppress Solidarity?

General Wojciech Jaruzelski

What was the Federal Republic of Germany?

West Germany during the Cold War (1949–1990).

What was Solidarity?

A Polish trade union advocating workers’ rights and political reform.

What was the Velvet Revolution?

The peaceful overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia in 1989.

Who was the Hungarian reformist leader executed after the 1956 uprising?

Imre Nagy

What was the Civic Forum?

Political movement that led Czechoslovakia’s transition from communism.

What was the 500-Day Plan?

Proposed economic plan to transition the USSR to a market economy.

What was the August Coup?

1991 attempt by hardline Soviets to overthrow Gorbachev; it failed.

What was the Union Treaty in the USSR?

Proposed treaty to reorganize the USSR into a decentralized federation.

When did Ukraine declare independence from the USSR?

1991

Who was the first president of the Russian Federation?

Boris Yeltsin

What is the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)?

Organization of former Soviet republics post-1991.

What is the Russian Federation?

The state of Russia after the USSR collapsed.

Who is Vladimir Putin?

Russian president (2000–2008, 2012–present) known for centralizing power and nationalism.

What were Pan-Serb ambitions?

Movement aiming to unite Serbs across Yugoslavia, fueling 1990s conflicts.

What is crony capitalism?

Economic system where success depends on government connections.

Who was Slobodan Milošević?

Serbian leader whose policies fueled Yugoslav wars.

What was the Russian Congress of People’s Deputies?

Legislative body in Russia (1990–1993) before Yeltsin dissolved it.

What is the Duma?

Lower house of Russian parliament established after the USSR.

What is economic shock therapy?

Rapid transition from state-controlled to market economies, especially in Russia and Eastern Europe.

What is Sarajevo known for in the 1990s?

Site of a prolonged siege during the Bosnian War.

Where is Bosnia-Herzegovina?

Former Yugoslav republic and site of ethnic conflict in the 1990s.

What do “October Days” refer to?

Russian October Revolution of 1917.

What is Kosovo known for?

Region of ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s.

What is the Chechen Republic?

Russian region seeking independence; site of wars in 1990s–2000s.

European Union & Economy

What did the Maastricht Treaty establish?

The European Union and a path to a common currency (Euro).

What is the European Central Bank (ECB)?

EU institution controlling monetary policy for the Eurozone.

What are bailouts?

Financial assistance to prevent collapse of states or banks.

What is the European Stability Mechanism (ESM)?

Institution providing financial support to Eurozone countries in crisis.

What is the European Commission?

EU executive branch proposing legislation and enforcing treaties.

What is the European Parliament?

Elected EU body representing citizens, approving legislation and budgets.

Religion & Social Movements

What was Vatican II?

Council (1962–1965) that modernized Catholic Church practices.

Who was Pope Paul VI?

Pope who continued Vatican II reforms and emphasized social justice.

Who was John Paul II?

Pope (1978–2005) influential in the fall of communism.

Who was John XXIII?

Pope who initiated Vatican II.

What is the Social Gospel?

Christian movement advocating social justice.

What is religious fundamentalism?

Strict adherence to religious scripture.

What is the Assumption in Catholicism?

Belief that Mary was taken bodily into heaven.

What is the ecumenical movement?

Effort to unify Christian denominations.

What is The Feminine Mystique?

1963 book by Betty Friedan sparking modern U.S. feminism.

What is The Second Sex?

1949 book by Simone de Beauvoir analyzing women’s oppression.

How are Gorbachev’s Perestroika and Glasnost related?

Both were reform policies; Perestroika focused on the economy, Glasnost on political openness.

How did Solidarity and Lech Wałęsa challenge communist rule in Poland?

Solidarity was the movement; Wałęsa was its leader promoting workers’ rights and political reform.

Connect the Velvet Revolution and Václav Havel.

Velvet Revolution ended communism in Czechoslovakia; Havel, a dissident, became president.

Link Imre Nagy and the 1956 Hungarian uprising.

Nagy led the uprising against Soviet control and was executed after its failure.

Connect the August Coup and the dissolution of the USSR.

The failed coup weakened hardliners, accelerating the USSR’s collapse.

How are the 500-Day Plan and economic shock therapy related?

Both were proposals to transition the USSR/Russia to a market economy.

Connect Boris Yeltsin and the Russian Duma.

Yeltsin clashed with the Duma over reforms and ultimately dissolved it in 1993.

How do Pan-Serb ambitions and Slobodan Milošević connect?

Milošević promoted Pan-Serb nationalism, fueling Yugoslav conflicts.

Link Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo.

Sites of ethnic conflict and war in the breakup of Yugoslavia.

Connect János Kádár and “Goulash Communism.”

Kádár implemented Goulash Communism, combining limited reform with authoritarian control.

European Union & Economics Connections

How are the Maastricht Treaty and the European Central Bank connected?

Maastricht Treaty created the EU and Eurozone; ECB manages Eurozone monetary policy.

Link bailouts and the European Stability Mechanism.

ESM provides financial bailouts to Eurozone countries in crisis.

Connect the European Commission and European Parliament.

Commission proposes legislation; Parliament approves it and the budget.

Religion & Social Movements Connections

How are Vatican II and John XXIII connected?

John XXIII convened Vatican II to modernize the Church.

Link John Paul II and the fall of communism.

John Paul II encouraged resistance to communism in Eastern Europe.

How do The Feminine Mystique and The Second Sex relate?

Both critique women’s oppression and sparked feminist movements.

Connect the Social Gospel and fundamentalism.

Social Gospel advocates social reform; fundamentalism resists modern interpretation