MEDICAL IMAGING TEST 3

Covering chapters 10-15

Human Diversity (Cultural Diversity)

Addresses the variety of human societies and cultures, examines their similarities and differences

The wide range of individual differences within the human population such as race, ethnicity, gender, age

Cultures

all of socially transmitted behaviors and patters, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thoughts by particular classes, communities, or populations

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness and other independence of different parts of the world.

People now cross borders into other countries to work, go to school, receive medical care, and visit

Theories suggest that human diversity is more important today than ever because of increased globalization

• nations, societies, business have become increasingly cross-cultural or multicultural

Characteristics of Human Diversity

• age

• race

• gender and sexual orientation

• ethnicity/national origin

• religion

• mental and physical activity

Generation born 1946-1964

Baby Boomers

Generation born 1965-1980

Generation X

Generation born 1981-1999

Generation Y

Generation born 2000-present

Generation Z

Ethnicity

relates to a person’s distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage

An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include a people of a common language, culture, common sets of ancestry, traditions, society, religion, history, or social treatment.

Race

Population that differs from others in relative frequency of some gene or genes ; any of the different varieties of human kind, distinguished by type of hair, color of eyes and skin, stature, bodily proportions, etc

Ethnocentrism

Is regarded as the tendency of some individuals to view norms and values of their own culture as the only acceptable ones and to use them as the standard by which all cultures are measured

Racism

The belief that one race or culture is superior to others and the use of this belief to discriminate against races that the believer considers to be inferior

Assimilation

A person of a diverse culture, over time, give up their original cultural language they identify with,and try to merge into another culture

Biculturalism

Ability of individuals to be able to negotiate competently two or more cultures : the mainstream culture and the individuals culture

Gender

The biologic or chromosomal sexual identity of an individual

Sexual Orientation

A persons identity in relation to the gender(s) to which they are sexually attracted to

Homophobia

Irrational fear of homosexuality

Americans Disability Act of 1990

Prevents discrimination against people with disabilities

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Used to determine if individuals have normal, superior, inferior intellectual ability based on standardized tests that measure cognitive abilities and intelligence

Approximately 10% of the worlds population, has some type of disability

Developing Cultural Competency

possessing a set of attitudes, congruent behaviors, and policies that come together in an agency, in a system, or among professionals that enable effective interactions in a cross-cultural or multicultural environment

• Valuing diversity (understanding patient attitudes towards sickness and health

• Possessing the capacity for cultural self-assessment (aware of own cultural backround and biases)

• Having a consciousness of the dynamics of cross-cultural interaction (avoid stereotypes)

• Institutionalizing cultural knowledge (obtain info appropriate to culture)

• Developing adaptations of service delivery that reflect on understanding of a multicultural environment (drive to be culturally aware)

Six areas of Human Cultural related to Healthcare

1. Communication- ability to convey and receive information

2. Space- distance extending in all directions

3. Time- period of duration

4. Environmental Control- ability of people to control nature

5. Biological variations- ethnical or racially related differences in body structure, skin color, hair texture, etc

6. Social Organizations- patterns of behaviors related to cultures learned through the process of encultration

Anatomical Position

the central concept behind all descriptions of location within the body

Sagittal

a vertical line which divides the body into a left section and a right section.

Coronal

a vertical line which divides the body into a front (anterior) section and back (posterior) section

Transverse

a horizontal line which divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section

Medial

towards the midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Ex : nose is medial to the ears, brachial artery lies medial to the bicep’s tendon

better ex : ears are lateral to nose

Superior

higher in position

Ex : head is superior to neck

Inferior

lower in position

Ex : neck is inferior to head

Anterior

refers to the front

Posterior

refers to the back

Flexion

movement that causes the angle between two bones of a joint to decrease, such as when a person bends their elbow joint.

(bending; decreasing the angle forward)

Extension

movement that causes the angle between two bones of joint to increase, such as when a person straightens their elbow joint.

Dorsal Cavity

a continuous cavity located on the dorsal side of the body. It houses the organs of the upper central nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord

Cranial Cavity

the anterior portion of the dorsal cavity consisting of the space inside the skull. This cavity contains the brain, the meninges of the brain, and cerebrospinal fluid.

Vertebral Cavity

the posterior portion of the dorsal cavity and contains the structures within the vertebral column. These include the spinal cord, the meninges of the spinal cord, and the fluid-filled spaces between them.

Ventral Cavity

the interior space in the front of the body, contains many different organ systems. The organs within the ventral cavity are also called viscera. The ventral cavity has anterior and posterior portions divided by the diaphragm, a sheet of skeletal muscle found beneath the lungs

Thoracic Cavity

anterior ventral body cavity found within the rib cage in the torso. It houses the primary organs of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, such as the heart and lungs, but also includes organs from other systems, such as the esophagus and the thymus gland

Abdominopelvic Cavity

the posterior ventral body cavity found beneath the thoracic cavity and diaphragm. It is generally divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Radiopaque

does not allow x-rays or radiation to pass through

Radiolucent

allows radiation to pass more freely

Body Cavity

fluid-filled space within the body that houses and protects internal organs

Right Upper Quadrant of the Abdominopelvic Regions

contains the right portion of the liver, the gallbladder, right kidney, a small portion of the stomach, the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, portions of the ascending and transverse colon, and parts of small intestine. Pain in this region is associated with infection and inflammation in the gallbladder and liver or peptic ulcers in the stomach

Left Upper Quadrant of the Abdominopelvic Regions

portion of the liver, part of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon, and parts of the small intestine. Pain in this region is associated with malrotation of the intestine and colon

Right Lower Quadrant of the Abdominopelvic Region

the cecum, appendix, part of the small intestines, the right half of the female reproductive system, and the right ureter. Pain in this region is most commonly associated with appendicitis.

Lower Left Quadrant of the Abdominopelvic Region

houses the majority of the small intestine, some of the large intestine, the left half of the female reproductive system, and the left ureter. Pain in this region is generally associated with colitis

(inflammation of the large intestine) as well as pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian cysts in females.

Pronation vs Supination

Rotatory movements of radioulnar joints around a vetrical axis

Flexion

the bending of a joint that decreases the angle between two segments of the body.

Extension

it's the straightening of a joint that increases the angle between two body parts

Abduction

refers to the movement of a limb or body part away from the body's midline, the imaginary vertical line down the center of the body.

Human diversity consists of characteristics associated with-

• age

• ethnicity

• race

• gender/sexual orientation

• lifestyle

Individuals born between 1981 and 1995

Millennials/ Gen Y

Over the next three decades, which age group is expected to be the fastest-growing segment of the population?

85+

Relate to a person’s ethnicity?

• language

• religion

• race

What is NOT one of the ways that culturally different individuals have interacted with the US majority culture in the past?

• assimilation

• biculturalism

Approximately what percentage of world’s population has some type of disability?

Approximately 10%

Which act is considered the most profound step that the United States has ever undertaken to prevent discrimination toward people with a disability?

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)

which one is not considered an element that may contribute to the ability of an organization to become culturally competent?

ignoring cultural norms and values

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

one of the best ways to learn to communicate effectively with others is to understand emotions

Patients exhibits a wide range of emotions

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• self-actualization

• aesthetics

• need to understand

• esteem

• belongingness and love

• safety

• physiologic (food, shelter, clothing, sexual gratification

Two types of patients

Inpatients and outpatients

Inpatients

those occupying a bed

Outpatients

those not occupying a bed

Patient assessment is in 2 forms

• reading the patients charts

• verbal communication

Patient Interaction

Inpatients or outpatients can come to the radiology department with family or friends – Friends will not be allowed in the room

■ Patient information and history – Family members are allowed in the room

■ Elderly patient may have a son or daughter to help the hx and explaining the exam

■ Patient does not speak English, but a family member does

Patient interaction (2)

– Family members are allowed in the room (cont)

■ If the patient is not cooperative, a family member may help position the

patient

■ If there is a need to hold the patient in a certain position

– Chest x-ray on a cart

– Upright toddler

■ If the patient is a minor and the patient request that mom or dad stay

with them

■ Police officers are allowed in the room in the event the patient is a

prisoner

■ Mental health workers are allowed in the room

– Family members are not allowed in the room

■ Family members who may be pregnant or suspect that they

are

– Regardless of pregnancy all patients must wear a lead

apron

■ Non family members

Methods of Effective Communication

• Verbal skills

• Humor

Verbal skills

It is what you say and how you say it

• different tones of voice may mean different things

• what you say may have different effects on different cultures

Humor

Many patients use their illness or disease as a humorous event and others will get angry

Non-verbal communication

Patients receive signals about them by the radiographers attitude such as

• tone

• pitch

• pauses

• rate of speaking

• volume

Palpation

Using finger tips

Traumatized patients

• may be in shock

• may not be aware of where they are

• may not be aware of what they are saying

• may be combative

Nonresponsive patients

• stat chest example

• technologist should try to communicate while determining their coherence level

• work quickly and effectively while continuing to communicate

• letting the patient know what is going on during the procedure

• watch for visual indications of changed in vital signs

Visually Impaired patients

• giving clear instructions before the exam

• reassuring the patient through gentle touch

• establish someone is near if needed

Hearing impaired patients

• write out the instructions

• write out questions

Non English speaking patients

interpreters

Mentally impaired patients

• usually have someone with them

• communicate with gentle tones and smiles will often illicit a positive response

Intoxicated Patients

Unpredictable

Gerontology

• geriatrics

• study of aging and diseases of older adults

• at the end of 20th century, more than 33 million Americans were over 65 years of age-more than 12% of the population

• referring to older patients as geriatric

Terminally ill patients

– Closed awareness

■ Patient is unaware of condition

– Open awareness

■ Patient is aware of condition

Stages of Dying

• Denial and Isolation

• Anger

• Bargaining stage

• Depression

• Acceptance

Advance Directives

• means of a patient to direct their health care they are unable to make decisions on their own.

BE

Barium Enema

BID

twice daily

BP

Blood pressure

CXR

Chest X-ray

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease