2.4 - 2.9

central to the study of communication

Ethics

three pillars of persuasion by Aristotle

Ethos (ethical appeals)

Logos (logically sound argument)

Pathos (emotional appeals)

When talking about ethics

you should be having the conversation about what is right or wrong, moral or immoral.

When thinking of ethics

the oughtness (morally right choice) in different values

When no clear side of ethics

as the speaker, you might determine the “oughtness”

the “oughtness” using different approaches:

• Common good approach

• utilitarian approach

• fairness/justice approach

• rights approach

• virtue approach

• ethical egoism approach

Being an ethical speaker means

you choose oughtness in all of your decisions during the communication process, from preparation to delivery.

Treating your sources ethically means

representing them accurately and fairly.

Treating your audience ethically means

being ethical in your goals and intentions.

Communication always has

intended audience

a central component of any public speech

audience-centered

you understand being audience-centered

recognize and consider the uniqueness and diversity of any audience you may have

your audience to adapt your speech

To whom am I speaking?

audience demographics

race, gender, class, sexuality, age range

your audience has different worldviews

how they might evaluate and interpret the world around them

worldviews which are influenced by

demographic information you should know about your audience.

understanding different worldviews

be attentive to the audiences’ values and beliefs.

You don’t want to bore them or come across condescending.

you need to study about your audience is their previous knowledge about your topic

Knowing information about your audience

help you to include them in the communication process so you can create meaning together.

audience is composed of many different people

not to essentialize, or not making assumptions, any audience demographic include demographic stereotyping which will destroy your trustworthiness.

tips to be respectful to each audience,

use language that includes everyone and helps everyone identify with the speaker and topic. Avoid any ethnocentric language or treating your own worldview and values as superior.

spend the most amount of time engaged in, but the least amount of time learning how to do it well.

listening

communication is

a process

we are still sending messages when we are

sitting and listening

listening to yourself speak will

make you a better speaker.

If communication is a process

listening can be thought of as a process

Hearing

the physiological process that involves an ear receiving and processing sound waves

Listening

a process that involves more than just hearing.

components of the listening process?

• Hearing-

• Understanding

• Remembering

• Interpreting

• Evaluating

• Responding

• Hearing

• -selecting the messages that you are going to pay attention to out of all available stimuli

• Understanding-

• make sure that you received the message the way the speaker intended.

Remembering

-remember key details of the speaker’s message

Interpreting-

placing the message within a context that will help it make sense to you.

Evaluating-

assessing the message for credibility and trustworthiness

Responding-

usually nonverbal during the speech; asking questions after the speech.

Listening barriers

prevent us from listening well. Noise and Information overload

Noise-

anything that interferes with out ability to hear a message

Information overload-

being bombarded with more information than you can process.

useful strategies to overcome listening barriers

• taking break

• avoiding multiple simultaneous

• cognitive tasks

• making a conscious effort to hear

• understand

• remember

• interpret

• evaluate

• respond (intentionally listening).

you can make your speeches

logically organized

audiences listen to remember

provide images and clustering frameworks

transactional process

all of the participants in the communication exchange can act in ways that will make us better at listening to one another

People learn better when

• motivated to learn.

• hear the important ideas a few times or in a few different ways

• new knowledge

• information is delivered in small

• manageable, organized “bites.”

organizational pattern

identify your topic and what type of speech you are preparing.

informative speeches

choose to concept, person, place, process event, or object

The three primary paths for organizing informative speeches are

• Chronological- used when the main points are naturally related to each other by time

• Spatial-used what the topic can be structure according to geography or location.

• Topical-used when topics are naturally grouped around heading, categories, or clusters of information.

The Five Principles of Outlining

• Use 2-5 main points

• Organize using main points (I, II, III) and subordinate points (A, B, C)

• Each main point should have a minimum of 2 sub points.

• All points should be organized logically with one thought per unit.

• Main and sub points should have parallel structure.

the most important parts of your speech

The beginnings and endings

The beginning

the very first impression the audience will have of you

the ending

ending is the last thing the audience will remember.

The very beginning of all of your speeches, the Introduction, will always begin with:

• Attention step-immediately tries to engage your audience with the topic.

• Tie-in to Audience (TIA)-why should the audience listen to this speech?

• Credibility-how are you qualified to talk about your topic.

• Thesis- include the goal of the speech and your main

When writing the end, the Conclusion, you want to think about the three R’s.

• REINFORCE your thesis

• REVIEW your main points

• Leave the audience something to REMEMBER.

• Your conclusions will have 2 main points to accomplish these tasks.

You must show your audience through language,

you have their best interests at heart.

creating shared meaning

language allows us to negotiate out shared understanding of the communication situation with our audience.

Triangle of Meaning

not a one-to-one relationship between a symbol and its referent (the thing for which the symbol stands).

this relationship is created when we work together to communicate our thoughts, references, and relationships within context

Denotative

definition-dictionary definition or literal meaning

Connotative

meaning-associations or feelings towards a word.

they understand your message

share the same frame of reference. Sometimes this means using symbols that have great connotative meaning with the audience.

be an ethical speaker

consider the knowledge, attitudes, values, and beliefs of the audience (since the communication process is audience centered).

Figurative language

creating and communicating vivid, concrete, and personal ideas. similes, allusions, metaphors, repetition, and alliteration.

The goal or any speech:

audience to learn from and remember your ideas and messages. plan and use languages in these ways, always with a solid understanding of their audience’s knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and values.