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why did the united states shift to imperialism

• US adopted imperialistic ideals to conquer other parts of the world, which they justified through American exceptionalism (US has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization) and through racialized Darwinism (survival of the fittest bt races)

• Cleveland and other presidents attempted to gain control of south america

• William jennings bryan, a democrat, was heavily against it (anti-imperialism represented the idea of isolationism)

war of 1898

• Cuba had been under control by Spain for a while, and Cubans demanded independence

• Conflicts between the two countries irritated the US who depended on sugar plantations in Cuba and did not want battles

• Americans blamed the Spanish for a sunken ship and helped fuel war

• Teller Amendment declared war on Spain while agreeing not to claim Cuba, and thousands enlisted in the war

• Ships were directed to Philippines, overthrowing it and Hawaii to use as a halfway point, Guam and Puerto Rico as well

results of the war of 1898

• Spain ceded PR, Guam, Philippines, and Cuba to the united states, which disgusted many anti-imperialists and some racists who did not want other races to immigrate

• Filipinos and Americans fought in Manila because Filipinos were angry about the annexation and many died

• Insular Cases—declared constitution did not extend citizenship to acquired territories

• Platt amendment—Cuba blocked from making treaties with countries other than the US, US can intervene in Cuban affairs

teddy roosevelt’s open door policy in asia

• Political figures like Teddy Roosevelt wanted to expand into China but many European markets already dominated it, so the government wrote to those European countries and claimed an “open door” policy (equal trade access for all countries)

Roosevelt corollary

• Roosevelt helped purchase Panama Canal by lending Panamanians (who were under Columbian rule) a hand in a revolution, and therefore got the Canal

  • Helped gain easy access to pacific and gave more power globally

• Roosevelt corollary: US had an unrestricted right to intervene in Caribbean affairs

• Mexican government overthrown, and many new people swapped in and out for power amidst political corruption, including Pancho Villa

when did ww1 start, and why did america enter

• War started when Austria-Hungary and Russia fought for control over land, and Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated

• Western front was Germany fighting British and French, Eastern Front was Germany and Austria-Hungary fighting Russia

• Wilson reelected and compromised neutrality stance to enter the war because he did not want the US to lose money if Britain defaulted on their debts; U boat killed Americans and got them into the war

• Zimmerman telegram—Zimmerman urged Mexico to enter war and Germany would help them get territory back, made Americans ANGRY

what did ww1 look like in america?

War Industries Board—federal board to direct military production, help allocate resources effectively, and standardize procedures, National War Labor Board—established 8 hour workday with time and a half overtime, and equal pay for women + ability to unionize

Food Administration helped get food exports to Europe under Hoover

Rise of nativism and urge for people to assimilate to make the war effort more powerful; immigrants were spied on by special groups, Sedition Act prohibited words or behavior that might promote resistance to US

NAWSA under Catt and National Woman’s Party under Alice Paul advocated for women’s suffrage; Paul took confrontational approach and Wilson finally got the 19^th Amendment passed (even though he did not want to) as a “war measure”

great migration

In the “Great Migration” African Americans move to north as heavy industry jobs open to African Americans, Mexican Americans go to urban industrial jobs and women too

wilson’s fourteen points

• Wilson proposed Fourteen Points (principles for a new order including open diplomacy, freedom of seas, free trade, arms reduction, and League of Nations, an international organization to prevent further hostilities) was proposed at Versailles after the war to create a long-term solution

• Wilson also advocated for self determination in Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian empires

• At Versailles, Germany and Russia were excluded, and Germany was forced to pay 33 billion in war damages which created economic problems that would lead to WW2

• united states did not end up joining the league

why would the u.s. set itself up to enter WW2?

US’s imperialistic tactics (as seen in this chapter) set the scene for WW2 because the US could no longer isolate itself from other parts of the world

the red scare

• Labor unions had increased over time, and the Bolshevik Revolution and communism rule in Europe scared many Americans

• Wartime hatred of Germans gave way to fear of “Reds” (communists)

• A group of bombings during the time also gave way to the Red Scare

• Red Scare created antiradicalism but also anti-immigrant sentiment, like in the Palmer raids where many immigrants were rounded up and arrested or taken away for having different beliefs or even doing basic tasks

red summer

• Because of the migration, African Americans in the North threatened opportunities for whites and immigrants

• Bloody conflicts through lynching, stoning, shooting, and burning houses down occurred particularly in the Red Summer (antiblack riots in 1919 leading to 100s of deaths)

american plan

• Shift from organized labor to American plan of employment which included refusing to let workers join a union through pledges, showed the introduction of welfare capitalism—a system of labor relations that stressed a company’s responsibility for its employees’ health which wasn’t effective IRL

dollar diplomacy

invented by taft, using American foreign policy to stabilize the economies of other nations to benefit the US—was denounced by critics because most of the money ended up in politicians’ pockets, replaced by good neighbor policy

new roaring 20s era

• Radio, movies, borrowing through consumer credit (forms of borrowing like loans which would worsen the great depression) boomed

• Hollywood paved way to flapper girls that defied conventional standards and demonstrated women’s sexual and social emancipation

• Soft power emerges—the excersize of popular cultural influence abroad from the US in particular

• Cars allowed people to travel farther without railroads and encouraged suburban sprawl, making cities wayyyy bigger

• Gas stations, motels, and drive ins form to serve people on the road

• Cars helped boom the economy in steel, petroleum, etc. and created tons of jobs

women in the 20s

• Many progressives hoped women would demand equality/social issues in the 1920s, but not many came to light

• Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act was the first federally funded health-care legislation that provided federal funds for medical clinics, prenatal education programs, and visiting nurses

• Women like Alice Paul fought for an equal rights amendment in the constitution, and the American birth control league advocated for reproductive education

18th amendment and its opps

• Eighteenth Amendment passed to ban manufacture and sale of alcohol in 1920, created prohibition movement, speakeasies, notorious gangsters like Al Capone, AND formed the FBI which originally helped control alcohol usage

• Protestants fought to keep the bible in school schedules which the American Civic Liberties Union fought against to protect free speech

  • Scopes/monkey trial: trial of Scopes, a biology teacher who taught evolution despite a ban in Tennessee and caused a showdown between urban and rural life

racism in the 20s

• Nativism rose against Asian immigrants but also European immigrants, national origins act limited annual immigration from each foreign country to no more than 2 percent of that nationality’s percentage of the US population as it had stood in 1890

• Indirectly, many Mexicans immigrated and some states said that the Japanese could not own real property

• The KKK was reborn and targeted African Americans and immigrants, demonstrated rise of nativism, white supremacy, and protestant Christianity

every president in this era in order just so we know wtf is going on

mckinley, t roosevelt, taft, wilson, warren g harding, calvin coolidge, hoover, fdr, truman

harlem renaissance

• Harlem Renaissance was a flourishing of black artists and writers centered in Harlem, which helped black people showcase frustration and community

  • Popular standouts: Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston

• HR created jazz and louis Armstrong led it, helped black performers make money and spread their ideas

• Marcus Garvey spread the idea that African Americans should move back to Africa for racial equality under the Universal Negro Improvement Association

  • Later gave way to Pan-Africanism: all people of African descent should work together for political justice

beginning of the GD

• Cause of GD: easy credit had fueled years of excessive stock speculation, which inflated the value of traded companies well beyond their worth, also buying on credit in the 20s caused people to go broke

hoover’s addressing of the GD

• Hoover stuck to the philosophy that A) economic circumstance came from individual character so people needed to work harder, and B) economy did not need gov. to recover

• Hoover cut federal taxes, adhered rigorously to the gold standard (bad), and proposed tariffs in the Smoot-Hawley tariff, which triggered retaliatory tariffs in other countries and hindered trade

• People were evicted and lived in “Hoovervilles”, agricultural prices fell low, and violent strikes emerged

• Hoover destroyed the Bonus Army, a large group of war veterans who set up camps near the Capital to demand pension awards due in 1945

the first hundred days

during the first few months of FDR’s administration, congress enacted 15 bills to solve banking failures, agriculture overproduction, manufacturing slump and unemployment

• FDR removed the gold standard and declared a “bank holiday”. By closing all banks at once and then reopening them when they had enough cash, people started to deposit money into banks again which stimulated the economy

fireside chats

• FDR was charismatic and established relationships with many people through “fireside chats” which were informal radio addresses he used to explain policies

some of FDR’s important acts

• Glass-Steagall act created federal deposit insurance corporation which insured deposits up to 2,500 dollars

• Public Works Administration—construction program to help put people to work building stuff

  • CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)—mobilized men to do reforestation and conservation work by building bridges, roads, trails, etc.

• Federal Housing Administration—refinanced home mortgages for mortgage holders facing foreclosure

criticism of the new deal

• Critics on the Right:

  • Saw FDR as a traitor to his business-minded class

• Critics on the Left:

  • Thought he did too little

  • Townsend plan—giving 200 a month to citizens over the age of sixty (pension!)

  • Other critics: Charles Coughlin, religious broadcaster, and Huey Long, Louisiana’s governor

welfare state/second new deal

• FDR responds to critics and shifts to democratic party in the Second New Deal, which focused on social justice and economic safety net

  • Resulted in a welfare state: a term for industrial democracies that have adopted government-guaranteed social-welfare programs

• New deal liberalism—classic liberalism meant free markets and weak government, but through the New Deal, it came to mean the gov. ensuring basic welfare and assisting the least well off. Supporters of laissez-faire would become conservatives

wagner act + social security act

• Wagner Act upheld right for unions and then Social Security Act provided old age pensions for workers, a joint federal state system of compensation for unemployed workers, and a program of payments to widowed mothers and disabled people

fair labor standard act

• Last new deal law to pass was the fair labor standard act, which outlawed child labor, mandated overtime pay, etc.

• Conservative southern democrats, rural republicans, etc. began to block/impede new deal after this act

inclusive democracy under FDR (or not so inclusive)

• more women and african americans shift to democratic party

• Scottsboro boys—9 black men accused of crimes that were murdered unjustly and became martyrs for racial justice

• Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (promoted self-government through formal constitutions and democratically elected tribal councils) reversed the Dawes Act of 1887, which broke up tribes as social units and replaced them with individual land

• Pilipino, Japanese, and Chinese groups did not gain much from the new deal and some actually returned to their home countries; Mexican Americans partook in lots of the new deal’s welfare programs (although thousands were deported during FDR presidency)

dust bowl!

• A dust bowl in the south (Texas, OK, etc.) created a mass exodus of people, called Oakie’s, because of dust storms and improper farming practices

  • FDR tried to enforce good soil practices to train Americans

fascism rises

• Fascism governments emerged in Japan, Italy, and Germany (which would become Axis Powers) after WW1, where the Treaty of Versailles thwarted their ambitions for overseas empires

• Fascism is a system of government with authoritarian rule, nationalism, militarism/imperialism, etc.

• Japan challenged Versailles by occupying Manchuria, a Chinese province, before taking complete control of China; Mussolini in Italy forcibly acquired Ethiopia

• Adolf Hitler led the National Socialist (Nazi) Party in a time of economic depression in Germany, arresting opponents and attempting to create an “Aryan race”

neutrality act of 1935

posed an embargo on selling arms to warring countries and reinforced isolationist policy

state of the union address

• State of the Union address was one of Roosevelt’s most notable moments as it outlined “Four Freedoms”: speech, religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear

u.s starts watching ww2 go down

• Hitler annexed Austria and the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia), and at the Munich conference, Britain and France said it was fine as long as Hitler did not try to get more land

• Hitler ignored them and went for Poland, making a nonaggression pact with Russia

• Hitler acquired France, Denmark, Norway, etc. and Britain was alone

• As Britain runs out of money, unofficial entrance into the war is marked by the Lend-Lease Act that enabled Britain to obtain arms from the united states without cash but with the promise of reimbursement later on

• Churchill and Roosevelt create the Atlantic Charter, a press release calling for economic cooperation, national self-determination, and political stability

pearl harbor

• Prime Minister Tojo launched Pearl Harbor (killing in Hawaii) on the United States after the U.S. stopped all trade with Japan, and the American people were now ready to fight

  

financing ww2

• War Powers Act gave Roosevelt control over all aspects of the war effort; marked the era of “imperial presidency” in the 1940s and beyond where presidents often abused executive authority

• The New Deal did not end the Depression, wartime financing did, as the United States lent money and weapons

• War Production Board (WPB) awarded defense contracts, allocated resources, and persuaded businesses to convert to military production, people invested in war bonds, and the government and businesses worked together to build planes, ships, etc.

• Revenue Act of 1942 vastly expanded the amount of people paying income tax

native american code talkers

• Native American “code talkers” used Navajo language to send messages in battle during the War in code

women, black people, and mexican americans fighting for equality in ww2

• Women were encouraged by “Rosie the Riveter” ads to take jobs in the labor force, particularly in the defense industry where they built ships and other things

• Black people joined the NAACP advocated for the Double V campaign—calling for victory over Nazism abroad and Jim Crow discrimination at home—which Roosevelt responded to with the Executive Order 8802 that prohibited discrimination in defense industries or government (was largely ineffective because it wasn’t really enforced)

• Mexican Americans also fought for equality but were manipulated through the Bracero Program (hundreds of thousands of Mexican agricultural workers brought to the U.S. and treated very harshly)

internal migration during ww2

• Defense job opportunities caused rapid internal migration—people moved cities and states, especially to California

• Men serving in the military prompted their families to move or at least to say goodbye

• After Pearl Harbor, anti-Japanese sentiment rose, and Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 which authorized the War Department to force Japanese Americans from their homes and hold them in relocation camps typically in the West

• Some people resisted incarceration, like Gordon Hirashabi

allied powers overthrow war in europe

• Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt become the big three in the Allied coalition, smaller parts played by China and France

• Allied forces attempted to invade Italy, and although they overthrew Mussolini, they continued to fight German forces in northern Italy until end of the war

• D-day marked invasion of France on June 6, 1944: allied forces stormed into France and eventually forced German troops solely into Germany, where they surrendered on May 7, 1945

• Holocaust shocked the united states

ww2 in the pacific

• Japan captured many European colonies, but U.S. aircraft carriers helped end to the war with Japan

• After Roosevelt died, his vice president Harry Truman took over and learned that a massive secret, hidden from Congress and the American people, was being kept—the Manhattan project (research and weapons development that produced the first atomic bomb)

  • Key players: Einstein and Oppenheimer

• US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but the Soviet Union also invaded Japan, and the combined efforts forced Japan’s surrender on Sept. 2, 1945