Human - Space and Place

prelims 2024 soge

Kickbush et al. 2020

reference for COVID-19

• disparities between the global North and South

  • healthcare infrastructure, vaccine access, and economic resilience

McFaul, 2022

reference for Russia-Ukraine War

• global politics, including the North-South divide

• political repercussions for Global South

• western concept of private ownership (state)

Agnew, 1994

reference for territorial trap

1. States as fixed units of sovereign space

2. Domestic/foreign polarity (boundaries define what happen inside and outside)

3. States as containers of society (everyone belongs to a state)

Agnew, 2003

reference for new idea of territory

• TNCs

• Digital territory - borderless

Virilio and Lotringer, 1983

reference for deterritorialisation

• becoming trade-oriented

  • conflict caused by a desire for control in both capital and power

  • in the past, been the way to achieve it

• now other ways to achieve by outsourcing + GSCs

re-territorialisation

• Globalisation is seen as a threat, so states become insular

  • eg. Afghanistan with the Taliban

• Individuals have a complex in the ‘homeland concept’

Also Virilio and Lotringer, 2008!

Alam, 2018

reference for Rohingya-Myanmar

• Rohingya in a self-governing state (Rakhine) within Myanmar

• Muslim vs Buddhist

Couldry et al. 2019

reference for digital space - Google

• digital colonialism

• Google attempted to prevent laws being made in the EU through lobbying - non-territorial power vs territorial

Hidalgo, 2014

reference for TNCs - Intel

• competing for TNCs to locate factories in country to boost

  • yet HQs in origin, so money is being agglomerated out

• Intel benefitting from free tax imports in Costa Rica - HQ can be located elsewhere

Sack, 1982

reference for primordialism

• we are taught to be territorial not born

  • a social phenomenon and construct

• power dynamics in politics to establish dominance

Said, 1978

reference for Orientalism

• ‘mutually exclusive binary’ mirror images of East and West

  • civilised, dynamic and progressive West

  • static, exotic and backward East

Eckl and Weber, 2007

reference for all

• consider entire countries as one-dimensional (state-centric view)

• high HDI = first world

• West as the role model

• indigenous knowledge

Pal, 2023

reference for Green Revolution

• India in the 1960s

• Western techno-fixes deemed better

  • issues caused by careless traditional land use practices

• indigenous knowledge often more suited to location

• victimisation - colonialist narrative

• agribusiness favoured over feeding the poor

Sparke, 2007

reference for globalisation as a solution

• economic interdependence doesn’t aim to “flatten the world”

  • undeniably skewed to global North

  • transnational capitalist class

  • eg. farm products from Brazil

• success stories like China and Japan overshadow

Snow, 1995

reference for South-South development and trade

• doesn’t fit the Western idea

  • eg. China helping make Tanzania-Zambia railway

  • did not encourage communism or “spread the gospel of nationalism or self-reliance”

• Global supply chains

  • eg. Intel Costa Rice in 70s

  • eg. Apple China

  • Globalisation of food markets

Jenkins, 2006

reference for cultural diffusion digitally

• media convergence allows for the blending of global and local cultures (hybrid)

• ignoring transnational diversity within a country (intra-regional)

  • policies need to be shaped around the networks of complexity

Ho et al. 2017

reference for digital territories

• China CCP control

• concept of ‘diaspora diplomacy’

  • which considers the components of diplomacy

  • and the changing relationships that diasporas (spread of people) have with states

• soft power and national security