Plants part 2

In ferns, what stage is dominant?

sporophyte cycle

Is the gametophyte or sporophyte larger in ferns?

sporophyte

Compared to mosses, is the sporophyte stage larger in ferns or mosses?

ferns

Water is not required for fertilization in the fern life cycle.

False

What are the ecological advantages of seeds?

Receives stored food from “mother” sporophyte

Reduced water dependence

easier dispersal (wind and animals)

Promotes outcrossing

protection 

What are the major types of gymnosperms?

cycad, ginkgo, conifer, gnetales

When did cycads originate?

300 million years ago

How many species of cycad are there today?

300

What type of structures do cycads produce?

male or female cones

What type of animal do cycads attract for pollination?

beetles

How do cycads attract beetles for pollination?

they release an attractive odor

When did ginkgoes originate?

270 million years ago

How many species of ginkgo are there today?

1

Characteristics of ginkgo seeds

fleshy covering

trees are either male or female and can live for 1000 years

When did conifers originate?

300 million years ago

What type of cones do conifers produce?

simple pollen cones and complex seed (ovule) cones

How do conifers pollinate?

Pollen cones release pollen into wind that transports pollen to female cones

What are the four innovations of conifers?

Conical shape (sheds snow, preventing

damage)

Scales or needle-shaped leaves (reduces

water loss from leaf surfaces)

Resin (sticky substance that protects against

pathogens & herbivores)

Tracheid torus (fosters water flow in dry or cold

conditions)

How many species of gnetale are there today?

95

Gnetales are a type of conifer

true

order of plant evolution

complex streptophyte, bryophyte, lycophyte, pterophyte, gymnosperm, angiosperm

characteristics of complex streptophytes

plasmodesmata, sexual reproduction

characteristics of bryophytes

sporic life cycle, embryo, sprorpollenin, apical meristem

characteristics of lycophytes

dominant sporophyte, lignin, true roots, trachids, stomata

characteristics of gymnosperms

ovules, pollen, seeds, wood, 

characteristics of angiosperms

flowers, fruit, endosperm in seeds

Lycophytes have spore-

producing sporangia

true

When did ferns originate?

300 million years ago

characteristics of ferns

sporophyte dominant

small independent gametophyte

euphylls

seedless

euphylls

what is contained in the sori?

sorus, sporangium, spore

Sori

cluster of sporangia

sporangium

reproductive

structures that produce and

disperse spores

are spores n or 2n?

n

how many cotyledons do eudicots have?

2

how many cotyledons do monocots have?

1

how many flower parts do monocots have?

3

how many flower parts do eudicots have?

4-5

how are the stem vascular bundles arranged in a monocot?

scattered

how are the stem vascular bundles arranged in a eudicot?

ring

root system of monocot

fibrous

root system of a eudicot

branched taproot

leaf ventation of monocot

parallel

leaf ventation of eudicot

netted or branched