Plants part 2

In ferns, what stage is dominant?

sporophyte cycle

Is the gametophyte or sporophyte larger in ferns?

sporophyte

Compared to mosses, is the sporophyte stage larger in ferns or mosses?

ferns

Water is not required for fertilization in the fern life cycle.

False

What are the ecological advantages of seeds?

Receives stored food from “mother” sporophyte

Reduced water dependence

easier dispersal (wind and animals)

Promotes outcrossing

protection 

What are the major types of gymnosperms?

cycad, ginkgo, conifer, gnetales

When did cycads originate?

300 million years ago

How many species of cycad are there today?

300

What type of structures do cycads produce?

male or female cones

What type of animal do cycads attract for pollination?

beetles

How do cycads attract beetles for pollination?

they release an attractive odor

When did ginkgoes originate?

270 million years ago

How many species of ginkgo are there today?

1

Characteristics of ginkgo seeds

fleshy covering

trees are either male or female and can live for 1000 years

When did conifers originate?

300 million years ago

What type of cones do conifers produce?

simple pollen cones and complex seed (ovule) cones

How do conifers pollinate?

Pollen cones release pollen into wind that transports pollen to female cones

What are the four innovations of conifers?

Conical shape (sheds snow, preventing

damage)

Scales or needle-shaped leaves (reduces

water loss from leaf surfaces)

Resin (sticky substance that protects against

pathogens & herbivores)

Tracheid torus (fosters water flow in dry or cold

conditions)

How many species of gnetale are there today?

95

Gnetales are a type of conifer

true

order of plant evolution

complex streptophyte, bryophyte, lycophyte, pterophyte, gymnosperm, angiosperm

characteristics of complex streptophytes

plasmodesmata, sexual reproduction

characteristics of bryophytes

sporic life cycle, embryo, sprorpollenin, apical meristem

characteristics of lycophytes

dominant sporophyte, lignin, true roots, trachids, stomata

characteristics of gymnosperms

ovules, pollen, seeds, wood, 

characteristics of angiosperms

flowers, fruit, endosperm in seeds

Lycophytes have spore-

producing sporangia

true

When did ferns originate?

300 million years ago

characteristics of ferns

sporophyte dominant

small independent gametophyte

euphylls

seedless

euphylls

what is contained in the sori?

sorus, sporangium, spore

Sori

cluster of sporangia

sporangium

reproductive

structures that produce and

disperse spores

are spores n or 2n?

n

how many cotyledons do eudicots have?

2

how many cotyledons do monocots have?

1

how many flower parts do monocots have?

3

how many flower parts do eudicots have?

4-5

how are the stem vascular bundles arranged in a monocot?

scattered

how are the stem vascular bundles arranged in a eudicot?

ring

root system of monocot

fibrous

root system of a eudicot

branched taproot

leaf ventation of monocot

parallel

leaf ventation of eudicot

netted or branched

coevolution

the process by which two species exert natural selection on each other

Pollination coevolution in animals

the process where animals transfer pollen from the male part of a flower (anther) to the female part (stigma) of another flower

How do flowers attract pollinators?

colors, odors, shapes, sizes

example of pollination syndrome

red flowers with long tubes to attract hummingbirds

What may happen if a pollinator goes extinct?

the plant may also face extinction

fruit

mature ovary of a flower that aids the dispersal of enclosed seeds

What does fruit dispersal do?

reduce competition, aids in colonization, promotes outcrossing

What are the 3 types of fruit?

simple, aggregate, multiple

simple fruit

Develops from a single carpel or several fused carpels of one flower

what are examples of a simple fruit?

pea, walnut, peanut

aggregate fruit

Develops from many separate carpels of one flower

what are examples of an aggregate fruit?

raspberry, blackberry, strawberry

multiple fruit

Develops from many carpels of the many flowers that form an inflorescence

what are some examples of a multiple fruit?

pineapple, fig

domestication

artificial selection for traits desirable to humans

shattering

process where ears of wild grain plants break apart and grains disperse

secondary metabolite

protect against herbivores, pathogens, and UV damage, produce odors that attract pollinators and seed dispersers

What are the 3 types of secondary metabolite?

terpene, phenolic, alkaloid

terpene

25,000 types that are often aromatic, protect against insects, stop ATP

phenolic

8,000+ types, Flavor (cinnamon, ginger, vanilla) antioxidants (tea, wine, fruit) pigment (flower, fruit color) Protection against insects, pathogens and UV damage, lignin (found in cell walls) is indigestible

alkaloid

12,000 types, protect against herbivores

where is the male gametophyte of an angiosperm found?

in the pollen of anthers

where is the female gametophyte of an angiosperm found?

ovule

pollination

transferring pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma

fertilization

fusion of the male gamete (sperm) with the female gamete (egg) inside the ovule

double fertilization

one sperm fertilizes the egg to form the 2n zygote

A separate sperm fertilizes the 2 nuclei in the central cell which develops into the 3n endosperm

cotyledon

seed leaves that absorb most of endosperm nutrients

epicotyl

part of embryonic stem that contains bud with two undeveloped true leaves

hypocotyl

part of embryonic stem located below the attachment point of cotyledons

radicle

embryonic root developing from hypocotyl

What are the 3 types of asexual reproduction?

Vegetative Propagation, Somatic Embryogenesis, Apomixis

benefits of asexual reproduction

Maintain favorable gene combinations, beneficial when mates or pollinators are rare, plants can a very long time

vegetative propogation

clones produced from non-reproductive organs

behavior

a response of organisms to an internal or external stimulus

nutation

a plant’s ability to bend, twist, or rotate

auxin

master plant hormones that influence structure, development and behavior

where are auxins produced?

apical meristems and young leaves

tropism

growth response that depends on a stimulus that occurs in a certain direction

phototrophism

light response

Somatic Embryogenesis

Embryos form from somatic (body) cells rather than gametes.

gravitropism

gravity response

apomixis

embryo develops without fertilization

major plant hormones

Cytokinins, Gibberellins, Abscisic Acid (ABA), Ethylene

Cytokinins

Promote cell division and delay leaf aging

Gibberellins

Stimulate stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

Induces dormancy and closes stomata under stress

Ethylene

Gaseous hormone promoting fruit ripening and leaf abscission