Living World

two types of cell division:

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis:

a cell divides once, resulting in 2 daughter cells. These daughter cells are genetically identical to the original parent cell. Each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent.

Meiosis:

During mitosis, a cell divides once, resulting in 2 daughter cells. These daughter cells are genetically identical to the original parent cell. Each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent.

What is this

Mitosis

What is this

Meiosis

Function of mitosis:

Growth: increasing the number of cells

Repair: replacing damaged cells

Function of meiosis:

Produce of gametes required for sexual reproduction

fill in blank

46 chromosomes (2n) 23 (n) chromosomes

diploid Haploid

2 4

46,46,46,46

46,92,92,46

46,46,23,23

46,92,46,23

Number of chromosomes:

Mitosis: same number as parent cell

Meiosis: Half as many as parent cell

Genetic Diversity:

all the possible genetic variations of a species.

How is genetic diversity increased

sexual reproduction and having a large and diverse population

Why is genetic diversity important (sexual reproduction)

Since the combination of genes is random in sexual reproduction, each offspring is different and therefore genetic diversity can increase. Want to find offspring with the best genes through natural selection to reproduce species that are better to survive.

Label parts in order: name of system:

Digestive system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

role of digestive system:

Breakdown of ingested food into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed by the body and eliminate undigested food as solid waste.

role of Mouth:

• Ingestion of food

• Chewing and grinding of food with teeth (mechanical digestion)

• Breaking down of starch with saliva (chemical digestion)

Function of stomach

• Churns food (mechanical digestion)

• Breaking down of proteins with gastric juices (chemical digestion)

• Movement of food towards the small intestine

Function of Small intestine

• Breaking down of foods (chemical digestion) with bile, pancreatic

and intestinal juices

• Absorption of fats, carbohydrates, proteins and some vitamins

and minerals

• Movement of food towards the large intestines (with peristalsis)

Function of large intestine

• Absorption of water, vitamins and minerals

• Movement of residual waste products towards the anus

Label:

mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, gastric glands, pancreas, small intestine, intestinal glands, large intestine, rectum, anus

Label

Salivary glands, liver, gastric glands, pancreas, intestinal glands

fill in the blank:

saliva mouth starch (complex CHO)

gastric juice stomach proteins

pancreatic juice small intestines carbohydrates, proteins and fats

bile small intestines fats

intestinal juice small intestines carbohydrates, proteins and fats

6 types of nutrients:

water, minerals, vitamins, proteins,carbohydrates, fats

Function of water and sources:

• Transports nutrients and

waste products

• Regulates body temperature

• Allows chemical reactions to

occur

ex: Water, fruits, vegetables, soups,

drinks

Function of vitamins and sources:

• Regulate the metabolism

• Molecules that help in chemical reactions

• helps fight infections

Ex: Fruits, vegetables, dairy products, liver

Function of minerals and source:

• Building blocks for many tissues

• Help in chemical reactions

Ex: Vegetables, fruits, fish, dairy

products, legumes

function of protein and sources:

• Build and repair tissues and cells

• Last resort energy source

ex: Meat, fish, eggs, nuts, legumes,

milk and dairy products, tofu

function of carbohydrates and sources:

• Body’s main energy source

Ex: Complex carbohydrates

(starch): rice, cereals, bread,

potatoes, pasta

Ex: Simple carbohydrates (sugars):

granulated sugar, fruits and fruit

juice, candy

function of fats and sources:

• important energy source, energy from fats accessed once energy can no longer be extracted from CHO

• Protects organs and insulates the body

  ex: Butter, cheese, and other dairy

  products, Plant-based oils, fatty meats

fill in the blanks

17, 37, 17 ,0 ,0 ,0

two types of transformation of food in the digestive system

mechanical and chemical

mechanical transformation in digestive system:

physical breakdown of food into smaller particles to prepare it for chemical digestion

Examples of mechanical transformation:

Chewing: process of crushing and grinding food-mouth

Churning: muscle contractions mix the food with secretions from the digestive glands

chemical digestions:

chemical reaction occur to transform the larger/more complex molecules into simpler molecules.

example of chemical digestion:

Saliva in the mouth that transforms starch into simpler carbohydrates. Located in salivary glands, gastric glands, intestinal glands, pancreas, liver

Mouth: MT=Chewing action of teeth tears apart food. CT=Saliva breaks down starch.

Stomach: MT=Churning action breaks apart food. CT=Gastric juices break down protein.

Small intestine: MT=None. CT=Intestinal and pancreatic juices break down carbohydrates, fats and proteins.Bile breaks down fats.

label parts:

nose, nasal passage, pharynx, eppiglottis, larynx, trachea, Bronchus, lungs, Diaphragm

Respiratory system:

responsible for exchange of oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas and the subsequent release of energy, and elimination of carbon dioxide gas.

Nasal cavity:

where air is filtered throught cilia, warmed, and moistened through mucus and numerous blood vessels.

Lungs:

elastic organs, on each side of the heart, cotain millions of alveoli, ensures gas exchange between body and its surroundindg

formula for cellular respiration

C6H1206 + 602= 6C02 + 6H20 + energy

what determines blood type:

due to the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells.

4 different blood types groups and antigen present on surface:

A: a antigen B: b antigen AB: a + b antigen O: none

all possible blood types

A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-

compatibility of blood types

A person CANNOT receive blood which has antigens that are not present in their own blood.

fill in blanks

A+: A-antigen, Rh factor, Anti-B

A-: A-antigen, ————, anti-B, anti-Rh

B+: B-antigen, Rh factor, Anti-A

B-: B-antigen, ————-, anti-A, anti-Rh

AB+: A + B antigen, Rh factor, ————

AB-: a + B antigen, —————, anti-Rh

O+: ———-, Rh factor, Anti-A, Anti-B,

O-: ———-, ————, anti-A, anti-B, anti-Rh

fill in the blanks:

A+: A+, AB+ / A+, A-, O+, O-

A-: A+, A-, AB+, AB- / A-, O-

B+: B+, AB+ / B+, B-, O+, O-

B-: B+, B-, AB+, AB- / B-, O-

AB+: AB+ / A+, A-, B+, B-’ AB+, AB-, O+, O-

AB-: AB+, AB- / A-, B-, AB-, O-

O+: A+, B+, AB+,O+

O-: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O- / O-

role of the circulatory/ cardiovascular system

serves to transport blood throughout the body and exchange of gases, nutrients and waste.

what is the lymphatic system:

The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins and waste and is necessary in maintaining your body’s defenses.

role of lymphatic system:

evacuate waste products from the cells and aids in the circulation of antibodies. Transport lymph, which contains antibodies and white blood cells,

immunity

ability of an organism to resist a desease or ingections by the action of specific antibodies produced.

Active immunity

Active immunity is a type of immunity developed by the body's own immune system in response to exposure to a pathogen or antigen.

two types of active immunity:

natural immunity and artificial immunity

Natural immunity:

acquired naturally when an organism recovers from an infectious agent through the bodies process of creating antibodies.

Artificial immunity:

artificially acquired by injecting a small quantity of a

weakened infectious agent through a process of vaccination wich wil cause body to produce antibodies for that particular disease.

label parts and name system:

excretory system: 1. bladder 2. ureters 3. bladder 4. urethra

Role of excratory system:

Filter blood and eliminate cellular waste:

Filtering the blood: the kidneys filter out urea from the blood to form urine.

Eliminating cellular and other waste: removing waste from the body (through urination,exhalation and perspiration).

role of Kidney: (functional unit= nephron)

eliminate waste and maintain equilibrium in blood through production of urine

function of urethers:

Transport urine produced in kidney to the bladder

Function of bladder:

muscular sac which stores urine until it’s released through urination.

Function of Urethra:

Transports urine from bladder to the outside

What system is this

Nervous system

Peripheral nervous system:

Connects different parts of the body to the cns

role of peripheral nervous system:

transportation of nerve impulses from the senses to the brain and from the brain to the muscles

Sensory receptor:

detect stimuli and transform the information into nerve impulse

Sensory nerves:

transmit information from receptor in body to the cns

Motor nerves:

transmit information form the cns to the body in order for the body to respond appropriately to the stimulus (producing voluntary and involuntary movement)

order of information through nervous system

stimulus—sensory receptors—sensory nerves—CNS—motor nerves—muscles

voluntary act

act is one that you choose to do consciously.

Reflex

A reflex is an action that is involuntary, meaning you do not choose to do it. It is done

automatically for you. Most reflexes serve to protect the body.

sensory receptors imvolved in hearing:

cochlea

sensory receptor for balance:

Vestibule and semicircular canals

Pinna: captures sound wave

Auditory canal: carries sound wave to eardrum

Eardrum: vibrates in response to sound waves and transmits the vibration to the ossicles.

Ossicles: 3 small bones which transfer the vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea.

Cochlea: fluid filled structure shaped like a snail, tiny cilia that line inside move in response to vibrations and concerts these into nerve impulses

semicircular canals: 3 fluid-filled rings oriented in different planes. Movement in the fluid send information about movement and body position to help maintain balance.

sensory receptor for smell

olfactory epithelium

define olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb and olfactory nerve

olfactory epithelium: contains chemoreceptor nerve cells which are sensitive to odorant molecules. Converts the chemical information in the odorant molecules into nerve impulses.

Olfactory bulb: locaed at tip of olfactory nerve, contains 15 million nerve cells. conveys nerve impulse to olfactory nerve

Olfactory nerve: transports nerve impulse to olfactory cortex

pinna, auditory canal, eardrum, ossicle, vestibule, Eustachian tube, cochlea, autitory nerve, semicircular canals.

olfactory bulb, olfactiry nerve, olfactory cilia, olfactory epithelium, nostrils, nasal cavities

ear:

sound, cochlea, nerve impulse, auditory nerve, aiditoru cortex

nose:

odeur particles, olfactory epithelium, nerve impulse, olfactory nerve, olfactory cortex

3 types of muscles:

1. striated or skeletal muscles

2. Smooth muscles

3. cardiac muscles

skeletal muscles:

attached to bone. It may contract voluntarily or involuntarily (reflex response) to move bones.

smooth muscles:

involuntary muscles found in internal organs.

Cardiac muscles:

found in the heart. It contracts involuntarily.