Biology bioenergetics

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Chlorophyll

The green chemical in leaves that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Limiting factor

A factor that limits the rate of a process, like light intensity or carbon dioxide levels in photosynthesis.

Word equation for photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen.

Chlorophyll patches in leaves

Leaves with reduced chlorophyll trap less light energy, resulting in lower photosynthesis rates.

Metabolism

The sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell or the body.

Respiration

A chemical reaction that releases energy from glucose.

Cellulose

A substance that strengthens the plant cell wall, formed from glucose.

Starch

A storage form of glucose found in plant cells.

Amino acids

Molecules synthesized from glucose and nitrate ions to form proteins in plant cells.

Aerobic respiration

A form of respiration that requires oxygen to produce energy.

Anaerobic respiration

A form of respiration that occurs without oxygen, resulting in the production of lactic acid.

Oxygen debt

The amount of extra oxygen required after exercise to remove lactic acid from the muscles.

Lactic acid

A byproduct of anaerobic respiration that can cause muscle fatigue.

Muscle contraction

The process by which muscles generate force and movement.

Aerobic Respiration

A process where glucose and oxygen are reacted to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

Anaerobic Respiration

A process that occurs without oxygen, where glucose is converted to either lactic acid (in muscles) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (in yeast).

Word Equation for Aerobic Respiration

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

Energy Release in Aerobic Respiration

Releases a great deal of energy because the glucose is fully oxidized.

Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast

Glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide, a process known as fermentation.

Limiting Factor

A factor that restricts the rate of a process, such as photosynthesis.

Greenhouse Effect

Using controlled environments to enhance the conditions for photosynthesis and crop yield.