Irene Gold Part 1

Vitamin that prevents spina bifida occulta

Folic acid

Arnold Chiari syndrome Type 1

Extension of cerebellar peduncles below foramen magnum

Function of cerebellar peduncles

Connect cerebellum to brainstem

Arnold Chiari syndrome Type 2

Type 1 + myelomeningocele

Cleft palate

Non-fusion of maxillary and palatine bones

Notochord persists as

Nucleus pulposus

Sclerotomes give rise to

Vertebrae

Epimeres give rise to

Dorsal muscles

Hypomeres give rise to

Ventral muscles

When does primary ossification occur?

Before birth

When does secondary ossification occur?

After birth

Intramembranous ossification

Conversion of mesenchyme into bone

What is formed via intramembranous ossification?

1. Clavicle

2. Flat bones of skull

Enchondral ossification

Preformation of bone in cartilage

Precursor of mouth is known as

Stomodeum

Foregut

Back of throat to 1st third of duodenum

Midgut

Last 2/3 of duodenum to 1st 2/3 of transverse colon

Hindgut

Last 1/3 of transverse colon to anus

In males, the gubernaculum becomes

Scrotal ligament

Scrotal ligament is also known as

Gubernacular testis

In females, the gubernaculum becomes

1. Suspensory ligament of ovary

2. Ovarian ligament

3. Round ligament

Primary vesicles

1. Prosencephalon

2. Mesencephalon

3. Rhombencephalon

Secondary vesicles of prosencephalon

1. Telencephalon

2. Diencephalon

Secondary vesicles of rhombencephalon

1. Metencephalon

2. Myelencephalon

Derivatives of telencephalon

1. Cerebral cortex

2. Basal ganglia

Cranial nerves associated with telencephalon

CN 1

Ventricle associated with telencephalon

Lateral ventricle

Derivatives of diencephalon

Thalamus

Location of pineal gland

Epithalamus

Cranial nerves associated with diencephalon

CN 2

Ventricle associated with diencephalon

3rd ventricle

Derivatives of mesencephalon

Midbrain

Cranial nerves associated with mesencephalon

CN 3 and 4

Ventricle associated with mesencephalon

Cerebral aqueduct

Derivatives of metencephalon

1. Pons

2. Cerebellum

Derivatives of myelencephalon

Medulla

Cranial nerves associated with metencephalon

CN 5-8

Cranial nerves associated with myelencephalon

CN 9-12

Ventricle associated with metencephalon

4th ventricle

Ventricle associated with myelencephalon

4th ventricle

Resting membrane potential for muscle

-85-90 mV

Resting membrane potential for neuron

-65-70 mV

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in spine

Glycine

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain

GABA

Vasomotor, cardiac, and autonomic centers are found in

1. Pons

2. Medulla

Function of pulvinar region of thalamus

Integration of sensory input

Function of ventral posteromedial nucleus

Receives sensory input from face

Function of ventral posterolateral nucleus

Receives sensory input from arms and legs

Function of lateral geniculate nucleus

Receives sensory input from eyes

Function of medial geniculate nucleus

Receives sensory input from ears

Function of parietal lobe

Problem solving

Function of superior lobe of temporal lobe

Hearing

Function of middle lobe of temporal lobe

Short term memory

Function of inferior lobe of temporal lobe

1. Long term memory

2. Smell

Function of hippocampal cells

Memory

Damage to hippocampus results in

Anterograde amnesia

Function of parahippocampal cells

Smell

Location of Wernicke's area

At junction of parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

Function of Wernicke's area

Speech interpretation

Wernicke's area may be destroyed by

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Thiamine deficiency associated with alcoholism

Destruction of Wernicke's area results in

Sensory aphasia

Function of Broca's area

Speech production

Damage to Broca's area may be caused by

Middle cerebral artery stroke

Damage to Broca's area results in

Motor aphasia

Function of limbic system

Emotion

Function of basal ganglia

1. Inhibits thalamus

2. Regulates muscle tone

Parkinson's disease is caused by

Degeneration of substantia nigra resulting in decreased production of dopamine

Type of rigidity in Parkinson's disease

Cogwheel rigidity

Cogwheel rigidity

Rigidity with underlying tremor

Function of caudate nucleus

Secretes GABA

Genetic defect of caudate nucleus results in

Huntington's chorea

Striatum consists of

1. Caudate nucleus

2. Putamen

Caudate nucleus and putamen are separated by

Internal capsule

CSF is resorbed in

Arachnoid granulations of superior sagittal sinus

Demyelination of CNS is associated with what condition?

Multiple sclerosis

Demyelination of PNS is associated with what condition?

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Function of oligodendrocytes

Myelination in CNS

Function of Schwann cells

Myelination in PNS

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Post-infectious demyelination

Function of Renshaw cells

Inhibit alpha motor neurons

Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses are derived from

Neural crest cells

Function of Meissner's plexus

Innervates submucosa of intestinal wall

Function of Auerbach's plexus

Innervates muscular layer of intestinal wall

Absence of Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses results in

Hirschsprung's disease

Hirschsprung's disease

Absence of peristalsis

Hirschsprung's disease is also known as

Congenital megacolon

Alpha waves are present during

Quiet, meditative state

Beta waves are present during

1. Intense mental activity

2. REM sleep

Delta waves are present during

1. Deep sleep

2. Coma

Theta waves are normal in

Children

Theta waves are present in which stages of sleep?

2nd and 3rd

Wakefulness is regulated by

Ascending reticular activating system

Function of association fibers

Connect areas within same hemisphere

Function of commissural fibers

Connect the two hemispheres

Function of projection fibers

Connect cerebral cortex and other parts of brain or spinal cord

Chemoreceptors are most sensitive to

Increased pCO2

Chemoreceptors are secondarily sensitive to

Decreased pO2

Where are chemoreceptors found?

1. Carotid body

2. Aortic body

How do chemoreceptors respond to an increase in pCO2 or a decrease in pO2?

Stimulate dilation of cerebral vessels