Essentials of Nutrition & Diet Therapy Chapter 6-8 Review

Review of chapters 6-8 Essentials of Nutrition & Diet Therapy (13th edition)

Liver stores of vitamin A are usually sufficient to last approximately

6 to 12 months

Vitamin A deficiency causes abnormal cell differentiation and results in

keratinization

An example of a meal high in vitamin A is

cheese omelet

The type of tissue that is most vulnerable to a vitamin A deficiency is:

epithelial

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin A is expressed in

micrograms (mcg)

Spinach, carrots, and sweet potatoes are good sources of:

beta carotene

The adult form of rickets is called:

osteomalacia

One reason it is difficult to establish recommended requirements for vitamin D is because:

individual exposure to sunlight varies greatly

A toxic level of vitamin D can result in:

calcification of soft tissues

A food that provides a natural food source of vitamin D is

mackerel

Vitamin E protects cellular and subcellular membranes by acting as a(n):

antioxidant

A factor that affects a person’s requirement for vitamin E is:

intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids

An example of a food high in vitamin E is:

green salad with dressing made with sunflower oil

Hemolytic anemia is treated with increased intake of vitamin:

E

Adequate amounts of vitamin K are usually present in the body because:

intestinal bacteria synthesize adequate supplies

A health condition that may create a need for administration of vitamin K is:

antibiotic therapy

An example of a food high in vitamin K is:

seared collard greens

Vitamin C helps maintain tissue integrity by:

forming collagen to bind cells together

A body function that may be affected by a deficiency of vitamin C is:

wound healing

The lunch that would provide the greatest amount of vitamin C is:

tuna sandwich, sliced tomatoes and strawberries

An increase in dietary carbohydrate intake increases the body’s need for:

thiamin

Body systems that may be affected by a thiamin deficiency are:

nervous and gastrointestinal

A vitamin that is easily destroyed by light and irradiation is:

riboflavin

Riboflavin is important for metabolism of:

protein

Newborn babies treated with phototherapy for elevated bilirubin levels may develop a deficiency of:

riboflavin

The food group that is the most important source of riboflavin is:

milk

The amino acid that is a precursor to niacin is:

tryptophan

The disease associated with niacin deficiency is known as:

pellagra

An important metabolic function of niacin is to:

convert proteins to glucose for energy

Skin flushing, gastrointestinal upset, and itching may be caused by therapeutic doses of:

niacin

An example of a food that is a good source of niacin is:

pork chop

A vitamin involved with hemoglobin formation is:

pyridoxine

The need for pyridoxine varies with dietary intake of:

protein

A vitamin that is used to form acetyl coenzyme A is:

pantothenic acid

The best source of biotin is:

carrots

An example of a breakfast meal high in folate is:

pancakes and orange juice

Deficiency in folic acid intake will result in development of

megaloblastic anemia

The period of life in which the need for folic acid is most critical is:

before pregnancy

A characteristic that is unique to vitamin B12 is that it requires:

intrinsic factor for absorption

Pernicious anemia and neurologic degeneration are associated with deficiency of:

Vitamin B12

High folate intakes may mask a deficiency of:

vitamin B12

Binding agents such as oxalic acid and phytic acid inhibit absorption of:

calcium

Hormones that are involved in maintaining calcium balance in the body include calcitonin, calcitriol, and:

parathyroid hormone

A mineral that participates in transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction is:

calcium

Two important physiologic functions of phosphorus are:

general metabolism and bone formation

Low serum phosphorus levels may occur in individuals recovering from diabetic acidosis because:

phosphorus is used in active carbohydrate absorption and metabolism

The greatest concentration of sodium is found in:

extracellular fluid

A factor that serves as the mechanism for regulating excretion of sodium from the body is:

the hormone aldosterone

Important metabolic functions of sodium include fluid balance, acid-base balance, and:

muscular action

The mineral that is found primarily in the intracellular fluid compartment is:

potassium

A condition that is a serious complication of an elevated serum potassium level is:

muscle irritability

Hypokalemia may occur as the result of:

prolonged diarrhea

A health problem that can lead to hypokalemia is:

diabetic acidosis

Physiologic functions of potassium include:

acid-base balance

Studies suggest that an increase in potassium intake can:

lower blood pressure

Variations in the body fluid concentration of sodium largely determine distribution of water by:

osmosis

Minerals in extracellular fluid that regulate water balance are:

sodium and chloride

Chlorine can be found in the body as chloride ions in:

gastric secretions

The amino acids that contain sulfur are:

methionine and cysteine

Iron has an important metabolic function in:

oxygen transport

Factors that favor absorption of iron include:

vitamin C

The second most common type of malnutrition worldwide is:

iron deficiency anemia

Symptoms of impaired sense of taste and smell are sometimes caused by a deficiency of:

zinc

The minerals involved in hemoglobin synthesis are:

iron and copper

When a person experiences impairment of taste, the condition is known as:

hypogeusia

Zinc is important throughout the life cycle, but especially during:

pregnancy

Chromium facilitates the action of:

insulin

A genetic disease that causes iron overload is:

hemochromatosis

A major function of selenium is:

as an antioxidant

The percentage of body water in the average person is:

50% - 60%

Distribution of water content in a person’s body is related to the amount of:

muscle mass

The extracellular fluid compartment contains blood plasma, dense tissue fluid, interstitial fluid, and:

secretory fluid

The term metabolic water refers to water that is:

formed from oxidation of nutrients

Solutes found in body fluids that influence movement of water include plasma proteins, glucose, and:

electrolytes

The organic molecules responsible for creating colloidal osmotic pressure are:

plasma proteins

The hormone that causes the kidneys to retain sodium is called:

aldosterone

The term used to denote concentration of electrolytes in a given volume of fluid is:

milliequivalent

If a cell is surrounded by a hypertonic solution, it will:

lose water and shrink

The plasma protein that exerts the greatest colloidal osmotic pressure is:

albumin

The action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidney will result in:

water retention

The chemical compound that provides energy for body functions in the cell is:

adenosine triphosphate

The substances that serve as chemical messengers to help regulate and control enzyme activity are

hormones

The caloric values found in food composition tables have been determined by:

direct calorimetry

The hormone that controls the metabolic rate of the body is:

thyroxin

The total number of calories in a snack containing 10 g of carbohydrate, 2 g of protein, and 5 g of fat is:

93

The term that describes the amount of energy needed by the body for maintenance of life while at rest is:

basal metabolism

Doctors may determine whether cell metabolism is occurring at normal rates by measuring:

thyroid function

Of the following, the factor that is most significant in determining a person’s basal metabolic rate (BMR) is:

amount of lean body mass

Metabolically active tissues in the body include the heart, brain, and:

kidney

BMR:

increases in pregnancy and lactation

The term that describes the effect of food intake on metabolic rate is:

thermic effect of food

The thermic effect of food (TEF) refers to the fact that:

digestion, absorption and metabolism of food require energy

The minimum percentage of body fat that supports reproduction in women is:

20%

In healthy adult men, the percentage of total body weight accounted for by fat is:

13% to 21%

The percentage of body weight that consists of water in a person of normal body weight is approximately:

50% to 65%

Measurement of body fat and lean body mass using hydrostatic weighing is based on the fact that body fat and lean tissue have different:

densities

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is often measured instead of BMR because:

RMR is easier to measure

The amount of total energy expenditure represented by the TEF is about:

10%

An eating disorder characterized by gorging food and then inducing vomiting is called:

bulimia nervosa