AP World Full Active Recall

What is Neo-confucianism?

A religious philosophy originally from the Tang Dynasty used by the later Song Dynasty to justify social and political standards.

What is filial piety?

Filial piety is the honor and respect that a person with less power should give to a person with more power, and it is an aspect of neo-confucianism. Relationships that have this filial piety aspect to them include parent-children, husband-wife, ruler-population, so on and so forth.

How were women in Song China treated?

Women in Song China often had the subordinate role, and took part in practices like foot binding to show wealth. This position was often justified by the confucianist policies.

What is foot binding?

Foot binding is a common practice among women in Song China that was backed up by Confusianistic ideals. The feet of women were tightly bound until they broke and became as tiny as possible. This often prevented them from doing any work, which was also regarded as a sign of wealth because if your wife did not have to do any work, that means you had enough money to hire maids to do it instead.

How did rulers in Song China consolidate their power?

They consolidated their power by using Neo-Confucianism and developing an imperial bureaucracy.

What is one way that the best imperial bureaucracy was established?

Song China invented the civil service exam so that only the best possible people could work in the government.

How did Song China influence Korea?

Korea also adapted the civil service exam, Confucianism principles, and the women in Korea adapted a similar position in China. They also had a tributary relationship with China, where they gave them their support in exchange for not being invaded.

How did Song China influence Vietnam?

Vietnam adopted the civil service exam, writing system, Buddhism, and Confucianism, but they did not take the woman subordination position, so the women were generally regarded in higher standards than they were in China.

How did Song China influence Japan?

Since Japan was much more distanced from China, they were much more selective with what they chose to adapt as there was no external pressure. They eventually took the Chinese buddhist system, the writing system, and the imperial bureaucracy.

What were the new forms of Buddhism during the period 1200-1450?

Theravada Buddhism (for monks), Mahayana Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism (mystical)

How did the Chinese economy grow under the Song Dynasty (economic innovation, industrial innovation, agricultural, and transportation)?

Commercialization of the economy by making more goods and selling the extra, using more paper money ("flying money"), iron and steel production increased, Champa Rice allowed an increase in population, the Grand Canal allowed more travel through China, Magnetic Compass, and new ship-building techniques like the Chinese Junk allowed more trade for more economic prosperity.

What is Dar-al Islam and what religion was the primary factor?

Dar-al Islam translates to "house of Islam" and it was basically all the regions that were under the Abbasid Caliphate. The main religion of Dar-al Islam was, obviously, Islam.

What is the Abbasid Caliphate?

The major Islamic state during the time period 1200-1450, founded in the 8th century and ETHNICALLY ARAB. It was in power during the "Golden Age of Islam" until it began to fracture in the 12th century and new empires began to rise in their place.

What empires rose in place of the Abbasid Caliphate?

Turkic Muslims began to replace the originally Arab Muslims of the Abbasid Caliphate, creating empires like the Seljuk Empire (the Seljuks were originally brought in by the Caliphate as soldiers until they turned), the Mamluk Empire, and the Delhi Sultanate.

How did Dar-al Islam expand?

They had military expansion (like in the case of the Delhi Sultanate), trade expansion (which is very big, because the huge amount of Islamic people everywhere made everyone extremely connected and very easy to trade), and by establishing missionaries (like the Sufi Missionaries).

What is the House of Wisdom? What were some innovations by Dar-al Islam?

The House of Wisdom is a library for scholars all over the world located in Baghdad. Some innovation by Dar-al Islam were mathematics like trigonometry, medicines, and more. They even preserved ancient Greek and Roman writings by translating them into Arabic, which is very important.

What were the main belief systems in South Asia and Southeast Asia during the period 1200-1450?

Hindiusm, Islam, and Buddhism

What were some changes in those core belief systems in South and Southeast Asia during the period 1200-1450?

Hinduism formed the Bhakti Movement where they chose one god to worship and rejected the social caste hierarchy, Sufism was a more mystical version of Islam, and Buddhism became more and more exclusive in South Asia.

What were the empires that came out from the Delhi Sultanate when they were having trouble imposing Islam on India?

The Rajput Kingdoms and the Vijayanagara Empire.

What were the Sea-Based Empires in South and Southeast Asia during the period 1200-1450?

Srivijaya Empire (Buddhist state, main source of power was the Strait of Malacca) and the Majapahit Empire (former Hindu Kingdom that created a tributary system with states in the region.

What were the Land-Based Empires in South and Southeast Asia during the period 1200-1450?

Sinhala Dynasties and the Khmer Empire (Angkor Wat originally for Hindus and then for Buddhists)

What were the main states in the Americas during the period 1200-1450?

Maya Civilization (decentralized, tributary systems, human sacrafice), Aztecs (Mexica people, decentralized, tributary system, human sacrafice, Tenochtitlan), Andean Civilization like the Incas (built next to Andean mountains, Mit'a System was laboring for projects unlike tributary, centralized, and massive bureaucracy)

Mississippian Culture (North America, agriculture, mound-building), Chaco/Mesa Verde Societies (innovative ways to transport and store water, used limestone and sandstone because of a lack of wood)

What were the main states in Africa during the period 1200-1450?

Swahili Civilizations (provided gold, ivory, and enslaved people/converted to Islam that eventually created the Swahili language/each city was a kingdom and they were all competitive), Great Zimbabwe (benefited from Indian Ocean Trade/controlled ports on the coast/gold and livestock/built amazing structure)

Hausa Kingdoms (collection of city states that gained power from the Trans-Saharan route/similar to Swahili city states/middlemen in inner goods/converted to Islam)

Ethiopia (different because they were Christian/mainly traded salt/centralized power with king)

What is manorialism?

Peasants (serfs) were bound to land and worked it.

What is feudalism?

A social system which landowners granted land in return for military service or labor.

What was happening in Europe at the time period of 1200-1450?

It was going through a major fracturing as monarchs gained powers and increased centralization, which led to wars and conquests among monarchs. There were not a lot of powerful empires and the Byzantine Empire had recently fallen to the Kievan Rus and the Ottomans. The different forms of Christianity including Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic were also big, as the Kievan Rus took the Eastern Orthodox when they took Byzantine and the Roman Catholic Church often went on crusades and were a big part of the social structure in Western Europe.

What was the Silk Roads? What were the main goods? What were the innovations that made this more useful?

Silk Roads were the main trade route across Eurasia. Mainly traded luxury goods like silk and porcelain (since the distance was so great), and the increased demand in luxury goods made people in Asia make more. Important innovations were the caravanserai (allowed routes to be more safe for merchants and allowed cultural diffusion), money economies ("flying money"), banking houses (created in England but also allowed commercial practices to improve along the Silk Roads), and allowed trading cities to grow (Kashgar was a convergence of routes and was a popular visiting spot that made a lot of money).

What was the Indian Ocean trade? What were the main goods? What were the innovations that made this more useful?

The Indian Ocean trade was the main trade routes from Asia to Africa and spanned across the Indian Ocean. Since it was mainly operated with ships, the more cargo space meant that more common goods were sold. The main innovations were the knowledge of monsoon winds (allowed ships to travel at the most efficient times), magnetic compass, astrolabe, ship designs like the Chinese junk, forms of credit, and also made states richer (Swahili states were very involved). Cultural diffusion was big along this as Islam spread. A famous figure is Admiral Zheng He, who was sent by the Ming Dynasty to enroll states into China's tributary system, and in turn populated the navigation tools and ship-building methods used by the Chinese.

What was the Trans-Saharan Trade Route? What were the innovations that made this more useful?

The Trans-Saharan Trade Route was the main route across Africa. The main technological innovation here was the camel saddle that improved travel on camels and allowed merchants to carry more cargo. States like Mali grew very rich during this time period by taxing merchants and trading gold. They were already connected to Dar-al Islam, and got richest during the reign of Mansa Musa.

What were the main effects of the connectivity that happened because of the networks of exchange in the period 1200-1450?

transfer of religion (like Buddhism across Silk Roads, Dar-al Islam), literary artistic transfers (House of Wisdom translations were taken to Europe), scientific and technological innovations (gunpowder), rise and fall of cities (Baghdad fall because of Mongols who traveled along trade routes, Hangzhou rise because of Grand Canals), Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo writings, transfer of crops (Champa rice), transfer of diseases (the Bubonic Plague lines up with the Indian ocean and silk roads, and took out 1/3 of the European population)

What was the Mongol Empire? How did they affect trade routes and facilitate technological and cultural transfers?

The Mongol Empire was established by Genghis Khan and the largest land empire in history. They took over both Song China and the Abbasid Caliphate. The empire was split into four khanates rules by a different Genghis kan relative. The networks of exchange under the Mongol Empire peaked during this time period because it was all under one empire, making it rather smooth with the unprecedented increase in communication and cooperation across the empire. It facilitated technological and cultural transfers like creating conditions for the Greek and Islamic medical knowledge to spread and adopted the Uyghur script as a written language.

What were the four major land-based empires in the period 1450-1750?

Mughal Empire, Safavid Empire, Ottoman Empire, and Qing Dynasty. The Safavids were Shi'a Muslim, making them different from the Sunni Muslim Mughals and Ottomans.

How did the major land-based empires in the period 1450-1750 expand?

Through the use of gunpowder.

How did the empires in the period 1450-1750 legitimize (establish authority) and consolidate (transfer power from one group to themselves) their power?

Formation of a large bureaucracy: made sure everyone was following the rules/Devshirme principle in the Ottoman Empire, staffed bureaucracy with loyal and smart people

Development of military personnel like the janissaries (Christian boys conquered by the Ottomans and then trained to become lethal warriors)

Religious Ideas: Divine right of kids (extremely effective on Christian populations), using Confucianism (Emperor Kangxi had a portrait made to convince the Han population he was legitimate with books in the background), Incas (Sun Temple), France (Palace of Versailles)

Tax collection systems: Zamindar System (Mughal) taxed peasants through elite landowners, Tax Farming (Ottomans) gave the right to tax to the highest bidder, and the Tribute Lists in the Aztecs

How were religions like Christianity and Islam dealt with in the time period 1450-1750?

The Roman Catholic Church had become recently corrupted as simony ocurred (people buying their way into positions) and sale of indulgences (people paid to get their sins forgiven) and then a man named Martin Luther stood up and wrote a list of complaints, until he was deemed a heretic and excommunicated. With the recent invention of the printing press though, he continued to publish and the church eventually split up into Protestant (with the protestant reformation) and catholic.

The religious differences between the Sunni and Shi'a Muslims eventually led to war and religious rivalries breaking out amongst the main land-based empires.

Sikhism, a blend between Hinduism and Islam, also became extremely popular during this time.

What is mercantilism?

A state-driven economic system that exported more goods than importing goods to get more money (main characteristic of European states during the time period 1450-1750)

What is a joint-stock company?

A limited liability business which was not run by the state but instead by private companies (example being the Dutch East India Company).

What were the main maritime empires during the period 1450-1750?

Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator wanted to find a way into the Indian Ocean trade, and then established factories all over to take control.

Spain: Christopher Columbus was sent on an expedition to find another route to the Indian Ocean trade but found the New World instead, and the Spanish voyages eventually opened the Trans-Atlantic Trade. The Spanish eventually took over the Philippines to get into the Indian Ocean trade.

England: Queen Elizabeth sent Sir Walter Raleigh to the Americas to establish Roanoke Island and Jamestown.

Dutch: Owned the Dutch East India Company and became the most powerful state in Europe by monopolizing the spice trade.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

The Columbian Exchange was the ENVIRONMENTAL transfer of diseases, foods, and plants between the western and eastern hemisphere.

Disease: smallpox/malaria/measles were deadly to the indigenous people in the Americas

Food: maize/potatoes went to Europe, olives/rice/wheat/sugar/grapes/bananas went to America and resulted in longer lifespans and healthier populations in Europe, also focused on cash-cropping

Animals: introduced pigs, sheep, and cattle to America, and the horse was huge as a new form of transport and for agricultural work

Name examples of resistance to imperial expansion during the period 1450-1750?

Tokugawa Japan (disliked Christianity and closed themselves off), The Fronde (resistance against the monarchs in France because of taxes), and Maroon Societies (Freed blacks).

What are some examples of expansion of African States in the period 1450-1750?

Asante Empire provided gold, ivory, and enslaved people for the Europeans and the Kingdom of the Kongo provided the same for the Portuguese.

What are the changes and continuities in trade routes in the time period 1450-1750?

The Indian Ocean Route had a lot of more European powers introduced to it, and the Atlantic System eventually opened because of Columbus.

What labor systems were introduced during the time period 1450-1750?

Chattel slavery (race-based), indentured servitude (time period contract), encomienda system (based on how indigenous you were in South America), and hacienda system (working the land, similar to serfdom)

What were the social effects of chattel slavery?

Since men were more commonly picked for labor, the number of women was much greater in men, creating a martiarchal society and very common for men to marry more than one women. It also led to the synthesis of many creole language.

What are some changes in social hierarchies in the time period 1450-1750?

Ethnic and religious diversity occurred when Jews were kicked out of their countries and they all moved to the Ottoman Empire where they grew to become powerful. In Spanish colonies established in South America, Spanish people put themselves at the top of the casta system. When the Qing Dynasty was established, the governmental positions were all reserved for the Manchu People. Finally, in Europe, monarch power increased as nobles came to have less and less power.

What is rationalism?

The idea of using your brain.

What is deism?

God made everything and then left humankind to defend themselves.

What is atheism?

Complete rejection of belief.

What were some important philosophers duirng the time period 1750-1900 and what were their theories?

Jean Jacques Rousseau: Self-Government

Baron de Montesquieu: separation of powers within government

Voltaire: if people use reasons, there's no need for government

Adam Smith: capatalism

Karl Marx: Communism

John Locke: Natural Rights

Thomas Hobbes: Social Contract

What were some important Enlightenment ideas that led to change in thinking?

Individualism: the basic building block of society was an individual human

natural rights (John Locke): each person has their own natural right such as life, liberty, and property that cannot be taken away by monarchs

social contract (Thomas Hobbes): human societies must construct governments that protect their natural rights and if they grow tyrannical, they should be allowed to overthrow and replace it

What were the major effects of the Enlighenment?

Major revolutions, nationalism, expansion of suffrage movements, abolition of slavery, end of serfdom, and increasing calls for women's suffrage

What are the three main revolution factors? What were the main revolutions in the period 1750-1900?

Nationalism, political dissent, and the enlightenment ways of thinking (such as popular sovereignty, democracy, and liberalism) were main revolution factors.

The main revolutions that occurred during this time period are the American, French, Haitian, and several Latin American Revolutions. There were also other minor nationalist movements like the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines and the Unification of Italy and Germany.

What happened in each of the major revolutions in the time period 1750-1900 (roughly)?

American Revolution: The state of Britain tried imposing taxes on the Americas after entering war debt, and in turn, the Americans revolted against the British, beginning with the Boston Massacre and then ending with the signing of the Declaration of Independence. It was a big factor in inspiring revolutions in other countries as well.

French Revolution: After entering war debt, Louis XVI attempted to tax the French population, specifically the commoners, even though they made the least amount of money. After the Storming of Bastille came the Reign of Terror, where the Jacobins took over and killed the king and queen using the guillotine. Eventually, Napoleon came with his Napoleonic Code until he was exiled until his death.

Haitian Revolution: Under Toussaint Louverture, the Haitians revolted against France and became the second Republic and the first black government in the world, but only after Louverture's death, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines took over and finished the job.

Latin American Revolution: Spanish and Portuguese colonies began to revolt, and Simon Bolivar spurred the crowd with Enlightenment ideas until they separated from their mother countries, including Brazil, Venezuela, and Mexico.

What was the other big revolution during the period 1750-1900?

The Industrial Revolution where states transitioned from agrarian economies to industrial economies. It started in Great Britain because of their large coal deposit and proximity to waterways, and many colonies that could provide them with goods. Recent innovations in agriculture ended up producing a lot of food until fewer people are needed to work because of machines. It resulted in rapid urbanization, legal protection of private properties, and the accumulation of capital that would become the backbone of the Industrial Revolution.

What were the technologies that helped the industrial revolution?

Steamships, steamboats, spinning jenny, railroads, steam engines, locomotives, steel, oil, coal, chemical engineering (dyes/durable rubber), electricity, telegraph.

What countries followed after Britain into the Industrial Revolution?

France (at a slower pace because they lacked coal and iron, and France was spared the social upheavals), America (had massive territory and most of the same factors as Britain), Russia (built the trans-siberian railroad), Japan (Meiji Restoration that allowed Japan to adopt industrialization methods ad became extremely powerful later on).

What are some examples of industrialization motivated by external governmental influence in the time period 1750-1900?

Egypt: Egypt was originally part of the Ottoman Empire, but while the Ottomans were undergoing some stress, the Egyptians--under the power of Muhammad Ali-- began to industrialize, placing tariffs, industrial projects, and focusing more on agricultural goods to be sold on the world market. However, the industrialization was not successful and the British intervened in the middle of the Egyptian-Ottoman War to remove the tariffs placed by the Egyptians. In turn, Japanese goods were now able to flood into British markets.

Meiji Japan: When U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry attempted to invade Japan with their new industrial war machines, the Japanese realized that they had to industrialize to defend themselves. After a civil war and the Meiji Restoration, Japan tried its best to learn the culture, government, and infrastructure to catch up with the Western World.

What is laissez faire?

Lasseiz faire was a economic technique introduced by Adam Smith. In this economy, suppliers and customers would react with each other based on supply and demand, and wealth would be most evenly distributed. This technique was called "free market" and it eventually replaced mercantalism in most countries. There were critics of this technique, including Jeremy Bentham (argued that free market wasn't what was needed to help the working class society, but proper government legislation) and Friedrich List (deemed it as a trick).

What is a trans-national company?

A company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in many other countries. They were typically funded by stocks and limited liability.

Examples:

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (based in Hong Kong and controlled British Imperial ventures in British Hong Kong)

Unilever Corporation (joint company established by British and Dutch that manufactured household goods, most notably soap)

What were the effects of Industrial Capitalism in the period 1750-1900?

Western industrialized nations became far richer with the rising standard of living and greater access to consumer goods.

The middle class came to existence.

Everyday goods were more common and cheaper.

Mechanized farming allowed more production of food, which contributed to longer life spans.

What were reactions to the Industrial Revolution?

There were political (only the upper classes were allowed to vote, which people believed was unfair), social (working class people organized themselves into social societies that provided insurance for sickness), and educational reforms (education began to prepare children for specializing jobs after the second industrial revolution) for the working class, new labor unions (started requesting higher wages, limiting working hours, and improved working conditions, like the German Social Democratic Party, which actually became a whole political party), new ideas from people like Karl Marx (believed capitalism was unstable and would eventually result in a revolution, also believed the Bourgeoisie exploited the Proletariat), and other countries such as China (the two Opium Wars made China realize that they needed to modernize, but they realized that they failed after the Sino-Japanese War) and the Ottoman Empire (The Tanzimat Reforms were bought in and the Young Ottomans rose along with these reforms, and were approved by the sultan, but then they went back to the old ways after a war began to brew with Russia. Although it was more effective, it did not stop the empire's eventual fall, as it attempted to industrialize. New social classes (working class, middle class, industrialists), women in industrialization (working class women worked and middle class women didn't), and challenges (rising problems with pollution, housing shortages with tenements, and increased crime) also came with he industrial age.

What idealogies were important in the second wave of imperialism?

Nationalism, Scientific Racism, Social Darwinism, and civilizing mission.

What were the major imperial expansion methods during the second wave of imperialism?

Private to state control (Belgium took over the Congo Free State first as a private), Diplomacy and Warfare (Berlin Conference began the scramble for Africa, France and Algeria initiated warfare after Algerians treated French diplomats rudely), settler colonies, conquering neighboring territories (United States had the Westward Expansion, Russia had Pan-Slavism as a mission to unite all slavic people, and Japan expanded influence to places like Korea, Manchuria, and China).

What were some causes and examples of resistance to the second wave of imperialism?

The causes were the increasing questions about poltiical authorities, as the education brought byt he imperial powers had the educated wondering if the imperialism they were under was right, and there was also a growing sense of nationalism. Resistance usually fell under direct (Indian Rebellion of 1857, Rebellion of Tupac Amaru the Second in Peru, Yaa Asantewaa War in West Africa), religious (Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement, Ghost Dance Movement), or the complete creation of new states (some indigenous peoples in the Americas).

Why were export colonies developed? What were the causes for their economic development and what were the effects?

Export colonies were developed for imperial powers to get raw materials from like gold, cotton, rubber, copper, and diamonds. These colonial economies served one purpose: to produce whatever their imperial parent needed them too, which decreased the amount of production for goods for the actual colony, causing them to rely entirely on their imperial parents.

What is economic imperialism?

Economic imperialism is when one state extends control over another state to a point where they control many portions of their economy. The Opium Wars in China led to Britain and France gaining major economic force in China because of the trading ports that were allowed after China's loss. The Port of Buenos Aires is another example, as the railroads in Argentine had the main goal of exporting raw materials, and the port eventually created to be a main export center to Britain, making Argentina dependent on British investment.

What is trade in commodities?

Commodities are any goods that can be bought and sold on the market. India and Egypt were dependent on Britain for the demand of cotton, and Palm Oil is Sub-Saharan Africa was another good that relied on external demand.

What were the causes and effects of migration during the time period 1750-1900?

Causes: Demographic change as more people moved to urban industrial cities and famines occurred in states that were not as industrialized (like the Irish Potato Famine), transportation technologies allowed people to move around, migration for work, coerced and semi-coerced labor like indentured servitude moved people around.

Effects: Migrants were mainly men, leading to a gender imbalance which had women doing roles like subsistence farming labor, sometimes financial independence, and perhaps being the head of the household. Major urban cities had growing ethnic enclaves that contributed to cultural diffusion of home cultures into their receiving societies. Negative effects like Nativism were also put in place to protect the native people from the immigrants, like the Chinese Exclusion Act in America and the White Australia Policy by the British government.

How did the Ottoman Empire fracture in the period 1900-Present?

The Young Ottomans attempted to implement western ideas with the authoritarian sultan onto the Ottoman Empire, but once war was brewing, the sultan took back all he had said. In turn, the Young Turks rose up and overthrew the sultan, calling for complete modernization of the ottoman Empire. They secularized schools and law codes, established political elections, and imposed Turkish as the official language. However, this made the ethnic minorities feel threatened as nationalism began to rise within them, and eventually the empire fractured.

What happened Russia in the time periods 1900-Present (considering the Revolutions)?

Under Alexander the 2nd, Russia had begun to make some industrial progress. Nicholas the 2nd continued this, but the growing middle class began to have more and more problems with the minimum amount of government voice, which eventually led to the Russian Revolution of 1905. The Tsar was able to win this war, but he did allow a few policies to slip, like the constitution, labor unions, and political parties. Later, with the leftover opinions from the previous revolution, the World War, and the difficulties of industrialization, the Russians revolted in the middle of World War 1 for the Russian Revolution of 1917. Led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, the revolution was successful and led to the birth of the Soviet Union.

What factors led to the collapse of Qing China at the beginning of the 19th century?

Internal factors like the Taiping Rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion with external factors like the Opium Wars and the Sino-Japanese War eventually led to the abdication of the Qing emperor by Sun Yat-Sen and the eventual rule of communist China under Mao Zedong.

What happened during the Mexican Revolution in the early 1900s?

Mexico was originally ruled by a dictator named Porfiro Diaz, and since no one liked him, they re-elected Fransesco Madero, who was then assasinated a few years later. There were civil wars lead by peasant armies for the next decade until by 1917, everything was established.

What were the main causes of World War 1?

Militarism, Alliances, imperialism, and Nationalism (MAIN) + Death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

What were the main ways WW1 was fought?

Total war, propaganda, machines guns, tanks, chemical gases, trench warfare led to stalemates, and the war eventually ended with the entrance of the United States (Germany tried to sink a ship with U.S Citizens) and then signed the Treaty of Versailles.

What were the alliances during the first World War?

The Triple Alliance was made up of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary, while the Triple Entente was made up of Britain, France, and Russia.

What was the state of the global economy during the Interwar period?

Germany went through extreme hyperinflation, with the amount of debt from the war reparations forced onto them. They began printing more money, which led to hyperinflation so bad that they could not pay back Britain and France, so THEY couldn't pay back America. (Soviets weren't paying because that was "Russia's debt"). The colonial governments also suffered because the economies of their imperial parents were struggling. Eventually, everything was fixed when Germany borrowed from the U.S.

In the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin's free market policy idea economic policy allowed him to complete the communist transformation of the Soviet Union. Joseph Stalin came into power and introduced the Five-Year Plans. He would feed the industrial beehives, so he commissioned middle-class class privately owned farms to ship out goods. However, the Kulaks (middle-class farmers) did not agree and were sent to labor camps and killed by Stalin. That left the peasantry, who were not able to keep up with the demands. The food production in states like Ukraine was cut in half, and it led to extreme famine called the Holodomor.

The Great Depression occurred in 1929 and crashed all the European states that were depending on the U.S altogether.

What was the Mandate System and how did it affect the colonies?

During the Peace Conference for the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, President Woodrow Wilson made a statement saying that states should be able to govern themselves, giving colonies the hope that they might find freedom soon. Since the imperial powers could not just kick Wilson out, they created the Mandate System. It categorized the colonies into three classes: large and well-off, large but underdeveloped, and small and underdeveloped. Eventually, colonies were switched around, but they still faced anticolonial resistance (like the Indian National Congress with Gandhi and the African National Congress with the ideas of pan-Africanism).

What happened with the League of Nations and Japan?

Japan decided to invade the Manchuria, and the League of Nations had no real power to stop them, which led to Japan quitting the league and taking a part of China called Manchuko.

What were the main causes of World War 2?

Continued Imperialism (Japan expanded into China, Italy expanded into Ethiopia, Germany gaining Lebraunsam) Unsustainable Peace (Italy and Germany were bitter from the Treaty of Versailles' terms), Fascism and Totalitarianism (USSR/Stalin Totalitarianism, Fascist state in Italy with Benito Mussolini, and the Nazi Party in Germany with Adolf Hitler), and Economic Crisis (economic crisis allowed many people to be easily swayed by authoritarian leaders) (CUFE) + Germany taking Poland.

What were the sides in the second world war?

The Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and the Allied Powers (Britain, France, and America)

What ideologies did the second world war heavily rely on?

Fascism, Communism, Democracy (Winston Churchill used propaganda to make the war the "people's war")

What were the strategies and technologies used during the second world war?

Blitzkrieg (speed technique by Germans), Fire Bombs (explosives that would start large fires), Atomic Bomb (used by the U.S on Japan with Hiroshima-Nagasaki).

What were the mass atrocities of the second world war?

-The atomic bomb and the deaths it caused

-the Holocaust

What were the economic and technological advantages of the U.S and USSR at the time of the Cold War?

America did not have that many physical effects unlike the European countries from WW2, and their economy and industrial sector had previously accelerated to meet war demands and Post-Depression procedures. The balance of power shifted to the U.S during this time, especially with the Marshall Plan when the U.S sent $13 billion dollars to help European countries.

The Soviet's state-controlled economy did grow rapidly, they had an enormous territory with lots of natural resources, a large population, and previous investment money from before WW2.

An arms race between the U.S and USSR also really showed how progressive these two countries were, like with atomic and hydrogen bombs, and the space race.

How did World War 2 help decolonization?

Since the victorious powers were now all weak from fighting in the war, their imperial grip had loosened, allowing more colonies to slip out and decolonize.

What were the main causes of the Cold War?

Mutual mistrust (USSR defied the US after the Potsdam Conference when turning the Eastern Bloc communist and also after wanting to spread communist influence to other parts of Germany, eventually led Winston Churchill's announcement of the Iron Curtain) and conflicting ideologies (both ideologies--communism and democracy--are universalizing, causing them to often clash along with their completely opposite ideas)

What was the main connection between the Cold War and decolonization?

As states decolonized, the U.S and the USSR rushed to turned them to their side. Some states chose to not pick any, creating the Non-Aligned Movement which countries like India, Ghana, Indonesia, and Egypt were part of.

What were the main military alliances of the Cold War?

NATO- U.S and victorious powers

Warsaw Pact- Soviet Union and Soviet Bloc

What were the main effects of the Cold War?

New military alliances (NATO, Warsaw), Nuclear proliferation (Cuban Missile Crisis led to treaty), and proxy wars (Korean War, Vietnam War, Contra War in Nicaragua)

What countries were effected by the spread of communism during the period of the Cold War?

China (adopted Communism with things like the Great Leap Forward and eventually created their own version), Egypt (used the support of the USSR and Nikita Krushchev to nationalize the Suez Canal and declare independence under Gamal Abdel Nassir), Vietnam (North became communist and implemented communist ideas like redistributing land), Cuba (Fidel Castro implemented Communist ideas that eventually prompted the CIA's failed asassination attempt "Bay of Pigs").

What were the two ways that decolonization happened?

Negotiated independence (commonly with a small white population): India's Indian National Congress became powerful after peaceful protestors were killed in the Amritsar Massacre and under Mohandas Gandhi. Kwame Nkrumah's negotiations with Britain for the Gold Coast eventually led to the birth of Ghana.

Armed Conflict (normally with a big white population): Algeria (fought against France), Angola (tribes united to fight against Portugal).

What are some examples of conflicts in new states?

-Kashmir region/whole Muslim League vs. Hindus in India

-Angolan Civil War between the tribes

-the creation of Israel led to fighting between the Muslims and Jews in Israel

What were some economic implementations of the new colonies?

-Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, built the Aswan High Dam, and initiated social welfare reforms

-Indira Gandhi had another Five Year Plan to nationalise key Indian industries

What were the kinds of resistance to power structures after decolonization?

Nonviolent resistance: Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela

Intensified violence: Augusto Pinochet (Chile), Idi Amin (Uganda)

Violence against civilians (terrorist groups): Al-Qida

What led to the end of the Cold War?

Advances in the U.S made them more powerful as they progressed in technologies, etc, but the Soviet Union was crumbling. They were putting money into trying to get Afghanistan and other Soviet Bloc countries and resistance to Gorbachev's economic policies that eventually weakened the Soviet grasp, leading to many countries releasing themselves and even eventually led to a democratic reform in some countries. The Berlin Wall fell, and so did the Soviet Union, as they completely dissolved.

What is globalization?

A phenomenon by which trade and technology have created a politically, economically, and socially interconnected world.

What were the main technologies that made globalization possible?

Radio, television, cellular technologies, Internet, automobiles, air travel, shipping containers, petroleum, nuclear power, antibiotics, vaccines, birth control, commercial farming, the Green Revolution.

How did diseases connect to the wealth of a country?

The geographic spread of diseases lines up with the wealth of a country. Wealthy nations have well developed health care systems while more impoverished countries don't.

What were diseases associated with poverty, epidemics/pandemics, and aging?

Malaria, tuberculosis, 1988 Influenza Pandemic (Spanish Flu), HIV/AIDS, Covid-19, Alzheimer's Disease, heart diseases.

What were the environmental effects of globalization?

Deforestation, desertification (once-fertile land becomes useless), decline in air quality (pollution/ The Great Smog in London, Mexico City air), lack of clean water (erosion causes chemicals from lands to run off into waterways), climate change (emission of greenhouse gases).