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Layers of the atmosphere from ground the space
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Why is there variation of solar radiation on a global scale
Thermal expansion, gravity is stronger at the equator pulling more of the troposphere towards it, centrifugal force
six components of the daytime energy budget
insolation
reflectivity
surface absorption
latent heat transfer
sensible heat transfer
long wave radiation
latent heat transfer
heat energy used to turn liquid water into water vapour
sensible heat transfer
the movement of parcels of air into and out of the area being studied
night time energy budget
long wave radiation
latant heat transfer
sub-surface supply
sensible heat transfer
How is heat moved
convection, conduction and radiation
How much of the southern hemisphere is made up of ocean
80%
How much of the northern hemisphere made up by ocean
60%
how do ocean currents work
Friction drags across the water causing it to ripple. These ripples slowly get bigger causing waves. These waves then cause currents.
Gyres
large-scale patterns of water circulation
name the three cells
polar, feral, hadley
Where is the polar jet steam
Between the Polar and Feral
Where is the ITCZ
near the equator
Convection currents
Air rises, cools, becomes denser and sinks due to high pressure
Coriolis effect
The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents.
What is a jet stream
Belt of high pressure wind
El Nino
an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador, typically in late December.
La Nina
A climate event in the eastern Pacific Ocean in which surface waters are colder than normal.
Monsoons
seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons
factors that influence the rate of evaporation
humidity, supply of heat, wind strength
causes of precipitation
water on earth heated by the sun evaporates and turns into water vapour. cools and condenses around condensation nuclei, some fall and coalesce on their way down
three types of rainfall
convectional, frontal, orographic
types of precipitation
clouds, rain, hail, snow, dew, fog
How to measure climate change
ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes temperature profiles, corals, lake and ocean sediements,
natural climate change
sun spots, volcanic activity, eccentricity, obliquity
urban heat island effect
cities are hotter than surrounding areas by 1-2 degrees
reasons why insulation is intensified in urban areas
less vegetation, lower specific heat capacity, re-absoption, less water, lower albedo, sky view factor, industrial activity, central heating, vehicles, air conditioning, pollution done
london
center of london can get up to 11 degrees warmer
london management schemes
congestion charge, buses with white roofs, london plane trees, bike superhighways, living roofs