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Census
________: collect data from every individual in the population.
Sample
________: subset of individuals in a population from which we actually collect data.
Undercoverage
________: occurs when some members of the population are less likely to be chosen or can not be chosen in a sample.
Experimental Unit
________: object to which a treatment is randomly assigned.
Replication
________: using enough experimental units to distinguish a difference in the effects of the treatments from chance variation due to the random assignment.
Retrospective
________: Examines existing data for a sample of individuals.
Individual
________: object described in a set of data → people, animals, things.
Convenience
________: choosing individuals from the population who are easy to reach results in a(n) ________ sample.
Cluster
________ sampling → selects a sample by randomly choosing ________ and including each member of the selected ________ in the sample.
Prospective
________: Tracks individuals into the future.
Levels
________: different values of a factor.
systematic
___________: selects a sample from an ordered arrangement of the population by randomly selecting one of the first k individuals and choosing every Kth individual thereafter.
Control Group
________: used to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments.
Single blind
________: either the subject or those who interact and measure the response don't know which subjects are getting which treatment.
Non response
________: occurs when an individual chosen for the sample cant be contacted or refuses to participate.
Population
________: entire group of individuals we want information about.
Response Bias
________: occurs when there is a systematic pattern of inaccurate answers to a survey question.
Factor
________: variable thats manipulated and may cause a change in the response variable.
Placebo
________: treatment that has no active ingredient, but is otherwise like other treatments.
Voluntary Response Sampling
________: allows people to choose to be in the sample by responding to a general invitation.
Estimates
________ from larger samples are more precise opposed to smaller samples.
Block
________: group of experimental units known BEFORE EXPERIMENT to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatment.
Double blind
________: neither the subject or those who interact with and measure responses know which treatment the subject received.
Randomized Block Design
________: in each block, experimental units are randomly assigned to treatments.
Placebo Effect
________: describes the fact that some subjects in an experiment will respond favorably to any treatment.
subject
_________: when the experimental unit is human.
Population
entire group of individuals we want information about
Census
collect data from every individual in the population
Sample
subset of individuals in a population from which we actually collect data
Individual
object described in a set of data → people, animals, things
Convenience
choosing individuals from the population who are easy to reach results in a convenience sample
Voluntary Response Sampling
allows people to choose to be in the sample by responding to a general invitation
Simple random sample
involves using a chance process to determine which members of a population are included in the sample
Stratified random sampling
selects a sample by choosing a simple random sample from each stratum and combining the simple random samples into one overall sample
Systematic
selects a sample from an ordered arrangement of the population by randomly selecting one of the first K individuals and choosing every Kth individual thereafter
Non-response
occurs when an individual chosen for the sample cant be contacted or refuses to participate
Response Bias
occurs when there is a systematic pattern of inaccurate answers to a survey question
Undercoverage
occurs when some members of the population are less likely to be chosen or cannot be chosen in a sample
Retrospective
Examines existing data for a sample of individuals
Prospective
Tracks individuals into the future
Control Group
used to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments
Experimental Unit
object to which a treatment is randomly assigned
Subject
when the experimental unit is human
Treatment
specific condition applied to individuals in an experiment
Factor
variable thats manipulated and may cause a change in the response variable
Levels
different values of a factor
Placebo
treatment that has no active ingredient, but is otherwise like other treatments
Placebo Effect
describes the fact that some subjects in an experiment will respond favorably to any treatment
Confounding Variables
two variables are associated when their effects on a response variable are the same
Double blind
neither the subject or those who interact with and measure responses know which treatment the subject received
Single blind
either the subject or those who interact and measure the response don't know which subjects are getting which treatment
Replication
using enough experimental units to distinguish a difference in the effects of the treatments from chance variation due to the random assignment
Random Assignment
experimental units are assigned to treatments using a chance process
Randomized Block Design
in each block, experimental units are randomly assigned to treatments
Block
group of experimental units known BEFORE EXPERIMENT to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatment
Matched Pairs
pairing, easy to compare
Sampling Variability
refers to the fact that different random samples of the same size from the same population produce different estimates
Study
there are criteria for establishing causation when you cant perform an experiment; dont just assume one thing causes another
Confidential
All individual data must be kept __________; only statistical group summaries can be made public
Consent
Subjects must give _______
Note
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