PHILIPPINE AND WORLD LITERATURE

Philippine Literature

Literature created by Filipinos reflecting culture, identity, history, struggles, and hopes.

World Literature

Works from different countries showing universal human experiences.

Pre-colonial Literature

Oral traditions such as epics, riddles, proverbs, and folktales.

Colonial Literature

Works influenced by Spanish, American, and Japanese rule.

Contemporary Literature

Modern texts addressing current issues and realities.

Epic

A long narrative poem about the adventures of a hero.

Folklore

Traditional beliefs and stories passed down orally.

Short Story

A brief fictional narrative focusing on one plot.

Poetry

Literature written in verse expressing emotions or ideas.

Drama

A literary work meant to be performed on stage.

Main Idea

The central message or what the text is mostly about.

Theme

The underlying lesson or insight about life.

Tone

The writer's attitude toward the subject.

Mood

The feeling created in the reader.

Characterization

How the author reveals a character's traits.

Plot

The sequence of events in a narrative.

Conflict

The struggle between opposing forces in a story.

Point of View

The perspective from which a story is told.

Symbolism

Using objects or actions to represent deeper meanings.

Inference

A conclusion made through evidence and prior knowledge.

Context Clues

Words around an unfamiliar term that help determine its meaning.

Synonym

A word with a similar meaning to another word.

Antonym

A word with the opposite meaning of another word.

Homonym

Words that sound alike or are spelled alike but have different meanings.

Metaphor

A direct comparison without using "like" or "as."

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as."

Personification

Giving human characteristics to nonhuman objects.

Hyperbole

An exaggerated statement used for emphasis.

Onomatopoeia

Words that imitate natural sounds.

Alliteration

Repetition of beginning consonant sounds in words.

Irony

A contrast between expectation and reality.

Subject-Verb Agreement

Rule stating subjects and verbs must match in number.

Modifiers

Words that describe, clarify, or give detail.

Connotation

The emotional or suggested meaning of a word.

Denotation

The exact, dictionary definition of a word.

José Rizal

Filipino author of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

Francisco Balagtas

Author of Florante at Laura and master of Tagalog poetry.

Lualhati Bautista

Author of Dekada '70 and Bata, Bata Pa'no Ka Ginawa?

Nick Joaquin

National Artist known for The Woman Who Had Two Navels.

F. Sionil Jose

Author of the Rosales Saga focusing on social issues.

William Shakespeare

English playwright known for Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet.

Homer

Ancient Greek poet who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey.

Gabriel García Márquez

Author known for magical realism, wrote One Hundred Years of Solitude.

Leo Tolstoy

Russian novelist who wrote War and Peace.

Fiction

Imaginary literature such as novels and short stories.

Nonfiction

Literature based on facts such as essays and biographies.

Essay

A short nonfiction piece expressing ideas or opinions.

Literacy

The ability to read, write, and understand information.

Reading as a Bridge

The idea that reading connects people to knowledge and opportunities.

Hope Through Books

Reading provides inspiration and positive outlook for the future.

Access to Reading

Providing books to improve education and equality.

Reading Communities

Groups formed to encourage reading habits.

Lifelong Learning

The continuous pursuit of knowledge through reading.

"Tulay ang Pagbasa"

Reading serves as a pathway to a brighter, hopeful future.

Advocacy

Support for actions or programs that promote reading and literacy.

Empathy Through Reading

Stories help people understand feelings and experiences of others.

Future Empowerment

Literacy skills prepare individuals for education, work, and success.