NS 201 UAlberta midterm 1 (Module 3)

Two Row Wampum Belt

Haudenosaunee way of recording and preserving laws and governance systems. Confirmed an individual's authority and served to document oral agreements. Today they are evidence of pre-existing diplomatic relationships.

Gusweñta

Two Row Wampum belt b/w Haudenosaunee and Dutch. Three white rows represent friendship, peace, and forever. Purple rows represent the two peoples and their lifeways.

Legally binding agreement outlining the rights and duties of its signatories and is protected bu International Law. Negotiated and agreed to by two or more sovereign nations, formal agreements used to reinforce and protect relations b/w parties

Treaties according to Europeans

Great Peace of Montreal

Treaty b/w New France and 40 Indigenous groups to ensue peace for many years

5 phases of treaty making

Peace and Frienship Treaties

Robinson Treaties

Douglas Treaties

Numbered treaties

Modern Treaties

Peace and Friendship Treaties

Increased Trade and promises to gain consent before settling in East Coast Indigenous territories, Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy agreed to end hostilities against British Crown.

Truck House

Trading Post solely for the use of Peace and Friendship Treaties Indigenous groups. The renewal of these treaties brought in Maliseet and allowed for some settlements in East Coast territories.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

All land beyond the proclamation line (Indian Territory) was off-limits to settlers unless allowed by the Crown during treaty negotiations. This was supposed to give Natives an interest in their lands but they didn't really have power.

Newly created Canada (upper and lower) colonies and. "civilization"

Government now encourage Indigenous groups to adopt and agrarian and sedentary lifestyle.

Robinson Treaties of 1850

Robinson was an experienced trader who knew about Indigenous culture. He proposed maintaining hunting/fishing rights yet no accommodations for Metis. This treaty secured North-West Ontario for settlement. These are the foundation for the numbered treaties

Douglas Treaties 1850-1854

Fourteen agreements to purchase land from Indigenous on Vancouver Island. HBC thought there were land purchases but Indigenous thought these were peace treaties. Promised protection of winter villages and fisheries

Selkirk Treaty

granted the Red River Settlement access to other lands. The gov thought this treaty was a land surrender but the Indigenous once again argued

What caused the Red River Resistance of 1869-70

Canadian gov was planning on taking Rupert's Land as part of the Dominion without consulting inhabitants. Sent officials to Red River to observe resources.

Red River Resistance 1869-1870

Louis Riel organized a group of Metis to block gov officials from entering the settlement. The Metis then claimed a Provisional Government under the leadership of Riel.

Manitoba Act 1870

Land to be given to Metis through Metis Scrip (Certificates redeemable for land or money). They never actually received the land they were entitled to in the Manitoba Act according to Supreme Court in 2013.

Native people's perspective on land ownership

the ownership of land was gained or lost due to conflict, surrender, or legislation

Crown's perspective on land ownership

discovery leads to ownership

As fur trade and Bison economies declined, indigenous peoples began engaging in ...

agriculture, ranching, mining, and forestry

Selling of Rupert's land to Dominion paved the way forrrrr

numbered treaties because the Canadian government needed to establish their ownership through legal processes now

Treaties 1-2

No fishing/hunting rights. fewest number of provisions

Treaty 3

covered land of Red River Valley and Lake Superior. Better provisions including hunting/fishing. After this, treaties 1-2 were brought up to same standards.

Treaty 4

larger gratuity with trapping rights along with hunting/fishing. Indigenous reps refused to meet with gov on HBC land and were furious that the HBC had given the land to Dominion.

Treaty 5

Similar to treaty 3 but one time payment and less land

Aptitude of Indigenous towards European promises

Doubted the Crown had the resources to fulfill their promises.

Trends in the first 5 treaties that Indigenous leaders noticed

Gov's broken promises, collapse of the bison robe trade, increasing conflict with encroaching settlers

Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear)

Furious at the delay of negotiations, this guy said we want non of your gifts, and don't bait us into anything, let your chiefs come as men and discuss this stuff. He eventually agreed to a treaty since his people were facing starvation.

Pitikwahanapiwiyin -

The Poundmaker

"It is OUR land, not a piece of pemmican to be cut up and handed back to us. We will take what we want"

Treaty 6

Many of the same commodities as treaties 1-5, medicine chests, famine/pestilence clause, schools for each reserve. In exchange, permission to occupy territories alongside them.

Jim Ka-Nipitehtew

We make these promise forever

Commemorative medals of treaty 6

Queen Victoria on one side, Chief and Officer shaking hands on other. Also Flowing waters, sun, and grass, as a representation of Jim Ka-Nipitehtew's statement.

Treaty 7

More focus on ranching and cattle instead of agricultural supplies. Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan.

Treaty 8

Northern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories

Treaty 9

Northern Ontario, NE tip of Manitoba

Treaty 10

North Sask, and East Alberta

Treaty 11

Territories

Northwest Resistance of 1885

Metis community wanted similar assistance as in the treaties. Gov refused under Johnny MacDonald. Another Provisional government with Riel as president and Gabriel Dumont as commander. They initially defeated the NW Mounted Police, allied with Big Bear and Poundmaker. MAcDonald sent 5000 troops on transcontinental railway and messed those dudes up. Riel was hanged.

1993 Nunavut Land Claims Agreement

Example of a modern treaty. Renounced land titles, provided with wildlife and harvesting rights, land and water stewardship, as well as employment. As a territory, Nunavut is self-governing with consensus gov.

Treaty Protocol

Only Crown can accept land surrender, Indians can only surrender to the Crown, must be done in a public meeting, reason for the public meeting was for a surrender

Which treaties allowed the construction of the transcontinental railway

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