unit 2: thinking and learning

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Last updated 1:04 PM on 8/11/26
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139 Terms

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assess (v)
ex: you will be assessed on your ability to take decisions quickly
ex: a college is going to assess a student’s ability based on grades
ex: the cost of repairs to the equipment was assessed at £2,000

đánh giá (situation, person, problem..); định giá (value of sth)

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assume (v)
ex: i assumed (that) you knew each other because you went to the same school
ex: she is likely to assume the position of team captain next season

mặc định, cho rằng (cái gì là thật cho dù không có bằng chứng; suy đoán chủ quan); đảm đương (authority, role, responsibility..)

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presume (v)
ex: I presume (that) they're not coming, since they haven't replied to the invitation.

đoán chừng (không chắc chắn; dựa trên dấu hiệu, logic, hoặc kinh nghiệm)

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baffle (v)
ex: she was completely baffled by this strange behaviour

gây trở ngại (unable to understand or explain)

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biased (adj)
ex: the newspapers gave a very biased report of the meeting

thiên vị (showing an unreasonable like or dislike for sb or sth based on personal opinions)

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concentrate (v)
ex: most of the country's population is concentrated in the north

tập trung (về mặt phân bố với số lượng lớn); tập trung (particular activity, subject, or problem)

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consider (v)
ex: did you consider your mother and how she's going to feel about you leaving
ex: he is currently considered (to be) the best British athlete
ex: you've got to consider the time element when planning the whole project

cân nhắc, để ý đến (their feelings and wishes); coi (sb/sth) như; xem xét

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deliberate (on) (v)
ex: the jury took five days to deliberate on the case
ex: the committee has deliberated the question at great length

cân nhắc, thảo luận kĩ (multiple people)

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contemplate + ving (v)
ex: I'm contemplating going abroad for a year

suy tính (considering a possible future action); suy ngẫm (consider one particular thing for a long time in a serious and quiet way)

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cynical (about) (adj)
ex: she has a pretty cynical view of men
ex: I've always been deeply cynical about politicians

đa nghi (believing that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere)

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dubious (about sth) (adj)
ex: these claims are dubious and not scientifically proven
ex: I'm dubious about his promises to change his ways

đáng ngờ (thông tin, lý do, kế hoạch, nguồn tin); hoài nghi (tự cảm thấy)

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sceptical = skeptical about/of (adj)
ex: many experts remain skeptical about/of his claims

hoài nghi (cần bằng chứng, lí lẽ thuyết phục)

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deduce (v)
ex: we cannot deduce very much from these figures

suy luận (dựa trên các bằng chứng; có hệ thống và logic)

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infer (v)
ex: he inferred that she was not interested in a relationship from what she said in her letter

suy luận (từ dấu hiệu không rõ ràng, thông tin ẩn đằng sau một tình huống cụ thể; ít logic)

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dilemma (n)
ex: she faces the dilemma of disobeying her father or losing the man she loves

tình thế tiến thoái lưỡng nan (lựa chọn giữa các phương án)

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discriminate (v)
ex: she felt she had been discriminated against because of her age
ex: police dogs can discriminate between the different smells

phân biệt đối xử (treat a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way because of religion, race, other personal feature); phân biệt (the difference)

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estimate (v,n)
ex: they estimate (that) the journey will take at least two weeks
ex: we estimate that the project will cost $2 million
ex: the number of people who applied for the course was 120 compared with an initial estimate of between 50 and 100

give sb / provide / prepare an estimate
ex: he will compile the specifications, draw up plans, and prepare an estimate

ask for/obtain an estimate (for sth)
ex: we can offer advice on how to obtain estimates for minor repairs

ước tính (guess or calculate the cost, size, value, amount, cost.. of sth); sự ước tính
cho ai / cung cấp / lập bản ước tính chi phí
yêu cầu / xin bản ước tính chi phí (cho cái gì)

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faith in (n)

niềm tin

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gather (v)
ex: from what I can gather, they're old school friends

hiểu, suy ra (từ thông tin gián tiếp; understand or believe sth as a result of sth that has been said or done)

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genius (n)
ex: Einstein was a genius
have a genius for sth
ex: she has a genius for raising money
a stroke of genius
ex: the decision to move the event online was a stroke of genius

bậc thiên tài (a person); khả năng thiên bẩm (very great and rare natural ability or skill)
có khả năng thiên bẩm cho cái gì
một ý tưởng / sáng kiến cực kì sáng suốt, thông minh

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grasp (v)
ex: I think I managed to grasp the main points of the lecture

hiểu thấu (especially sth difficult)

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guesswork (n)
ex: the projected sales figures are pure guesswork on our part

sự phỏng đoán

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hunch (n)
ex: He had a hunch that something bad was going to happen

linh cảm (cảm giác mơ hồ)

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intuition (n)
ex: i can't explain how I knew - I just had an intuition that you'd been involved in an accident

trực giác (khả năng cảm nhận hoặc phán đoán dựa trên kinh nghiệm)

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ideology (n)

hệ tư tưởng (a set of beliefs or principles)

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ingenious (adj)

khéo léo, tài tình (person, plan, machine..)

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inspiration (n)
ex: his trip to Italy was the inspiration for this poem

nguồn cảm hứng

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justify + ving (v)
ex: i can't really justify taking another day off work
justify oneself to sb
ex: it was the only thing that I could do - I don't have to justify myself to anyone

bào chữa
biện minh cho bản thân với ai

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naïve (adj)

ngây thơ

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notion (n)

khái niệm

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optimistic (adj)

lạc quan (person), tích cực (sth)

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pessimistic (adj)

bi quan (person), tiêu cực (sth)

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paradox (n)
ex: it's a curious paradox that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty

nghịch lí

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plausible (adj)

hợp lí, đáng tin

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ponder (v)
ex: she sat back for a minute to ponder her next move in the game

cân nhắc (suy tư, suy nghĩa sâu xa, mang tính nội tâm; especially for a noticeable length of time)

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prejudiced (adj)
ex: the campaign is designed to make people less prejudiced about AIDS

có thành kiến

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hatred (n)
ex: they are motivated by a hatred for their own country

lòng căm ghét, căm thù

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query (n,v) /ˈkwiəri/
ex: you have any queries about your treatment, the doctor will answer them

câu hỏi; đặt câu hỏi

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reckon (v)
ex: I reckon it's going to rain

cho rằng

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reflect (on sth) (v)
ex: the manager demanded time to reflect (on what to do)
ex: she reflected that this was probably the last time she would see him

ngẫm nghĩ, suy ngẫm (về trải nghiệm, những thứ đã xảy ra)

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speculate (about / on / upon) (v)
ex: the newspapers have speculated that they will get married next year

suy đoán (possible answers to a question when you do not have enough information to be certain)

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suppose (v)
ex: Dan didn't answer his phone, so I suppose (that) he's busy
ex: Investment of this kind supposes an increase in the company's profits this year
ex: suppose we miss the train - what will we do then?

be supposed to be/do (v)
ex: he’s supposed to be the best doctor in the town
ex: you’re supposed to make your own bed every morning

tin rằng / cho là (likely to be true); đòi hỏi / cần phải có (=presuppose); giả sử / nếu như (=supposing=if); đưa ra lời đề nghị / nhờ vả (polite requests)



được cho là, có tiếng là / có nghĩa vụ, bổn phận phải làm gì

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academic (adj,n)
ex: there was a lot of focus on academic achievement at my school
ex: the debate about whether this is a recession has become purely academic

có tính học thuật (sth), giỏi học thuật (sb), lí thuyết suông (based on ideas and theories and not related to practical effects in real life); học giả

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chair (v)

chủ trì (a meeting)

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conscientious (adj)
ex: she is a conscientious student who always does her homework careful

painstaking (adj)
ex: it took months of painstaking research to write the book

punctilious (adj)
ex: he was always punctilious in his manners

meticulous (adj)
ex: he kept meticulous records of every experiment

tận tâm, có trách nhiệm (trong công việc / nhiệm vụ)
công phu, mất nhiều công sức (extremely careful and correct)
nghiêm túc (quy định, thủ tục, lễ nghi hoặc phép lịch sự)
tỉ mỉ, chú ý đến từng chi tiết (very careful and with great attention to every detail)

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cram (v)

học nhồi (trong thời gian ngắn)

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curriculum (n)

chương trình giảng dạy

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distance learning (n)

học từ xa

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graduate (n,v)

người có bằng cấp / bằng tốt nghiệp (who has finished their school, college, or university education); tốt nghiệp đại học

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ignorant (adj)

thiếu hiểu biết

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inattentive (adj)

không tập trung

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intellectual (adj,n)
ex: looking after a baby at home all day is nice but it doesn't provide much intellectual stimulation

thuộc trí tuệ / tư duy (relating to your ability to think and understand things); người trí thức

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intelligent (adj)

thông minh (có khả năng hiểu, học hỏi và suy luận tốt)

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knowledgeable about/on sth = be versed in sth (adj)
ex: he's very knowledgeable about German literature

am hiểu về cái gì (know a lot about a particular subject or be experienced in a particular skill)

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intensive (adj)

chuyên sâu, tập trung cao độ (teaching or training a lot in a short time)

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lecture (n,v)

bài thuyết giảng; giảng bài

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mock exam (n)

bài thi thử

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plagiarise (v)
ex: the book contains numerous plagiarized passages

đạo văn

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self-study (n)

tự học

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seminar (n)

hội nghị chuyên đề (at university or college; an occasion when a teacher or expert and a group of people meet to study and discuss sth)

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special needs (n)

yêu cầu đặc biệt (cho người khuyết tật)

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tuition (n)

sự giảng dạy

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tutorial (adj,n) /tʃuːˈtɔː.ri.əl/

buổi phụ đạo, học kèm (a period of study with a tutor involving one student or a small group)

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brush up (on) sth (v)
ex: im going to have to brush up on my spoken german before i go to munich

ôn lại, trau chuốt (kiến thức / kĩ năng đã học nhưng lâu không dùng hoặc đã quên)

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come (a)round (to) (v)
ex: i didnt like the idea at first but i’ve come round to it now

bị thuyết phục làm cho thay đổi ý kiến

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come up with (v)
ex: lee came up with the brilliant idea of booking a clown for the end-of-term party

nảy ra, nghĩ ra

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figure out (v)
ex: it took us age to figure out how to get everyone to the sports centre without phil knowing

tìm ra giải pháp

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face up to (v)
ex: it’s time you faced up to the fact that you’ve got responsiblities now

đương đầu, đối mặt

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hit upon / on (v)
ex: tell us how you hit upon such a great idea for a website

chợt nghĩ ra, tình cờ phát hiện

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make out (v)
ex: i was unable to make out what the speaker was saying because we were right at the back of the hall

nhận ra, xác định; bịa đặt; viết toàn bộ thông tin cần thiết lên tấm séc (cheque)

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mull over (v)
ex: im going to have to mull this over for a while before i make a final decision

nghiền ngẫm, suy nghĩ kĩ (over a period of time)

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piece together (v)
ex: detectives are still trying to piece together exactly what happened that evening

lắp ghép thông tin để tìm ra sự thật

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puzzle out (v)
ex: we finally puzzled out a way to get the band into the hotel without the press knowing

giải đố, giải đáp

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read up on/about sth (v)
ex: i’ve been reading up on the history of english language teaching recently

đọc sâu tìm hiểu

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swot up (on) (v)
ex: there’s nothing to swot up on as it’s a general knowledge quiz

học gạo, cày ôn thi (especially before an exam)

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take in
ex: Literature takes in drama, poetry and the novel
ex: it took him a very long time to take in the fact that he’d never see her again
ex: he was taken in by the scam

chấp nhận (news, fact); hiểu / tiếp thu (kiến thức, thông tin); lừa gạt ai; bao gồm (book, tour, route)

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think over (v)
ex: i need to think over your offer very carefully before i make a decision

cân nhắc kĩ

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think through (v)
ex: we can’t make a decision until we’ve thought through the different possibilities

xem xét, cân nhắc mọi khía cánh / hệ quả có thể xảy ra

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think up (v)
ex: i’ve just thought up a brilliant excuse to tell rachel

bịa ra (an excuse)

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account for sth
ex: students account for the vast majority of our customers
ex: rural Americans are often older than those in other parts of America and that may account for the slower adoption rates for internet access
give an account of sth
ex: his lawyer gave an account of what happened that night
take sth into account / consideration
take account of
on account of
by/from all accounts
ex: his books, from all accounts, are extremely entertaining
on one’s account

chiếm; giải thích (the reason for sth)
kể lại, thuật lại
cân nhắc (dùng nhiều hơn)
xem xét
bởi vì
theo thông tin thu thập được
theo như ý kiến của ai

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associate sth with
be associated with sth
ex: the cancer risks associated with smoking have been well documented

liên hệ, liên tưởng cái gì với
có liên quan với / được liên hệ đến

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(hang) in the balance
strike a balance
upset / alter / redress the balance
balance between / of
on balance
ex: the job offer had some advantages, but on balance he thought he was better off where he was
off balance

bấp bênh / chưa biết kết quả sẽ ra sao / chưa chắc chắn
tìm phương án cân bằng
đảo lộn / khôi phục thế cân bằng
sự cân bằng giữa / của
sau khi cân nhắc kĩ mọi mặt / nhìn chung (the power or influence of both sides of a question)
bối rối, không chắc chắn; mất thăng bằng (likely to fall or be knocked down)

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basis for sth
ex: this document will form the basis for our discussion
on a daily / temporary / … basis
on the basis of / that
lay the groundwork / basis / foundations for sth
ex: this study lays the groundwork for understanding the nature of different mutations of the disease

cở sở cho
hàng ngày / tạm thời
dựa trên cơ sở
đặt nền móng / tạo ra cơ sở cho

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express belief(s)
belief in / that
contrary to popular belief
beyond belief
in the belief that
ex: he called at her house in the belief that she would lend him the money
popular / widely held / widespread / firm / strong / growing belief

bộc lộ niềm tin
niềm tin về / niềm tin rằng
trái với điều mọi người hay tin
cực kì khó tin / không thể tin nổi
với niềm tin rằng, vì tin rằng
niềm tin phổ biến / thường thấy / phổ cập / chắc chắn / mạnh mẽ / tăng dần

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pick one’s brain(s)
ex: can I pick your brain about how you got rid of those weeds?
rack one’s brain(s)
ex: I've been racking my brains all day but I can't remember her name
the brains behind
brainless
brainchild (of)
brainstorm (v,n)
brainwash (v)
brainwave (n)

hỏi ai để biết thông tin mà họ nắm rõ
vắt óc để làm / suy nghĩ kĩ
người đứng sau, chịu trách nhiệm
ngu ngốc
đứa con tinh thần, sản phẩm tâm đắc
động não
tẩy não
cảm hứng bất chợt (have a brainwave)

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bring sth to a conclusion
come to / arrive at / reach a conclusion
jump to / leap to conclusions
in conclusion
conclusion of
logical conclusion
foregone conclusion

đưa cái gì đến kết luận
đi đến kết luận
đưa ra kết luận vội vàng
kết luận lại
kết luận của
kết luận hợp logic
kết quả có thể đoán trước

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take sth into consideration / account
give consideration to sth / ving
show consideration for sb/sth
under consideration
for one’s consideration
out of consideration for sb/sth
ex: a number of small changes were made to the film, out of consideration for international audiences

cân nhắc
xem xét
quan tâm / để ý tới ai / cái gì
đang được xem xét
để bù đắp cho ai
vì cân nhắc tới ai / cái gì

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doubt that
have doubts about
cast doubt on sth
raise doubts
ex: this latest scandal has raised doubts about whether he could win the election
in doubt
doubt as to / about / over sth
ex: if there's any doubt about the rocket's engines, we ought to cancel the launch
beyond (any) doubt
without (a) doubt
ex: she is without (a) doubt the best student I have ever taught
(a) reasonable doubt
open to doubt

nghi ngờ rằng
có nghi ngờ về
hoài nghi
đưa ra nghi vấn
đáng nghi
nghi ngờ về
chắc chắn (pháp lí, lập luận; trang trọng)
không còn nghi ngờ gì nữa
một nghi ngờ hợp lí
không chắc chắn

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dream of / about sth
have a dream (that)
a dream to do sth
beyond one’s wildest dreams
a dream come true
in your dreams
like a dream

mơ ước / khát khao về cái gì; nằm mơ thấy cái gì
có một giấc mơ (while you are sleeping)
ước mơ được làm gì
vượt ngoài sức tưởng tượng của ai
ước mở trở thành sự thật
trong giấc mơ của bạn
giống như mơ

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focus sth on sth
the focus of / for
be in / out of focus
focus group
ex: the agency commissioned a study using focus groups to gather opinion on five labelling schemes
main / primary / major focus

tập trung vào
điểm nhấn / trọng tâm của
rõ nét / không rõ nét (photograph or video)
nhóm người được chọn để khảo sát ý kiến (discuss what they think about a particular product, advertisement, or subject, as part of a company's market research)
điểm nhấn chính

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have / give the (false) impression that
ex: his confident manner gave the false impression that he was an expert
do an impression of sb
create / make an impression on sb
under the impression that
first impressions

có / tạo ra ấn tượng (sai lầm) rằng
bắt chước ai
gây ấn tượng với ai
có ấn tượng rằng
ấn tượng ban đầu

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make a mental note of / about sth
ex: I made a mental note of her address
mental arithmetic
mental illness
mental age
mental health

cố gắng ghi nhớ về cái gì
phép tính nhẩm
bệnh về tâm thần
tuổi tinh thần
sức khỏe tinh thần

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make up one’s mind
ex: I haven't made up my mind where to go yet
cross one’s mind
slip one’s mind
ex: her birthday completely slipped my mind
have / bear in mind
have a one-track mind
ex: and no, Bill, I wasn't talking about sex - you have a one-track mind!
take one’s mind off sth
ex: the good thing about running is that it takes my mind off any problems I have
bring to mind
in two minds about
prey on one’s mind
state of mind
narrow / broad / open / absent -minded

quyết định
lướt qua trong đầu / chợt nghĩ đến
quên mất, lỡ quên
ghi nhớ trong đầu
chỉ suy nghĩ về một chủ đề duy nhất
đừng nghĩ về cái gì
gợi nhớ lại
đang phân vân về
ám ảnh, day dứt, giày vò tâm trí ai
trạng thái tinh thần
có đầu óc thiển cận / cởi mở / phóng khoáng / đãng trí

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under the misapprehension that

với sự hiểu lầm rằng

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put into perspective
ex: talking to her really put my problems into perspective
from another / a different / one’s / … perspective
from the perspective of
in perspective
out of perspective
a sense of perspective

đặt một vấn đề vào đúng bối cảnh / nhìn nhận thực tế
từ một góc nhìn khác / của ai đó
từ quan điểm của
trong bối cảnh
không đúng viễn cảnh
nhìn nhận mọi việc một cách đúng đắn (nhìn xa trông rộng)

96
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have principles
stand by / stick to one’s principles
ex: she stood by her principles despite strong pressure from her colleagues
ex: she stuck to her principles and refused to cheat
principle of sth
principle that
in principle
ex: in principle I agree with the idea, but in practice it's not always possible
a matter / an issue of principle
against one’s principles
set of principles

có nguyên tắc
bảo vệ, không từ bỏ nguyên tắc / kiên định, tuân thủ nguyên tắc của ai
nguyên lí của cái gì
nguyên tắc rằng
về nguyên tắc, nói chung
vấn đề nguyên tắc
trái với nguyên tắc của ai
nhóm nguyên tắc

97
New cards

beg the question of
ex: spending the summer travelling around India is a great idea, but it does beg the question of how we can afford it
raise the question (of)
be a / no question of
in question
without question
beyond question
out of the question
some questions over / as to / about sth
ex: there are some questions as to whether the plan will work
awkward question

cần trả lời câu hỏi gì trước
đưa ra câu hỏi
chỉ là vấn đề của / không đời nào, không thể
đáng ngờ
không nghi ngờ gì, rõ ràng (thông dụng)
không nghi ngờ gì, rõ ràng (trang trọng)
không thể chấp nhận được, không được phép
một vài nghi vấn về điều gì
câu hỏi hóc búa

98
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sense that
see sense
make sense (of sth)
have the good / decency /… sense to do sth
ex: at least he had the good sense to turn the gas off
come to one’s senses
a sense of
in a / one sense
common sense

cảm thấy rằng
nhận thức ra, thấy
hiểu (về cái gì)
ít nhất cũng làm được điều gì đó khôn ngoan, sáng suốt (although you do other bad or silly things)
tỉnh ngộ (đã làm điều sai, thiếu suy nghĩ)
khiếu, khả năng
theo một cách nào đấy
lẽ thường

99
New cards

side with sb
take one’s side
see both sides (of an argument)
look on the bright side
on the plus / minus side
by one’s side
on one’s side
on either side of sth
ex: there are trees on either side of the road

ủng hộ ai
chọn phe ai, đứng về phía ai
nhìn cả hai mặt của vấn đề
nhìn theo hướng tích cực
điểm cộng / trừ
bên cạnh ai
đồng ý với ai
ở cả hai bên của cái gì

100
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set / put sb straight about
set / put the record straight
ex: she's decided to write her memoirs to set the record straight once and for all
get / come straight to the point
get sth straight
think / see straight
straight talking
straight answer

nói thật với ai về điều gì
đính chính thông tin sai, làm rõ sự thật
đi vào thẳng vấn đề
chỉnh đốn lại cái gì
nhìn nhận đúng đắn
nói thẳng
câu trả lời thẳng vào câu hỏi