Middle East Chapter Test

Where is the “Middle East”

Southwest Asia and North Africa

define “Arab”

Anyone who speaks arabic

What factors influence where people choose to live

Water access, resources, fertile land

Middle East main resources

salt, oil, phosphate, copper

Crossroads refers to what

The Middle East being a between Asia, Africa, and Europe

Silk Road

overland trade route that connected China to Eastern/Southern Europe

Suez Canal

An artificial waterway runs north and south in Northern Egypt

Hammurabi’s code

earliest and most complete set of laws ever

Torah

hebrews sacred text

Judaism

world’s oldest monotheistic religion

Abraham

father of Judaism

Abraham’s covenant with god

God promised: great nation, land of canaan, and special relationship with god

Abraham promised: worship only 1 god, obey god’s commands

3 major events that established Judaism

drought, famine, Egypt

Moses’ time in Egypt

Born Hebrew but raised in Pharaoh’s palace. God spoke to him and told him to lead Jews out of Egypt

Exodus

Moses led hebrews out of Egypt (celebrated today with passover)

10 commandments

God gave moses two stone tablets with moral laws. Stated that only one god exists, and the importance of life and justice.

Roman Diaspora

forced dispersal of the Jewish people by the Romans after 2 major revolts

Zionist movement

a political and nationalist movement with the goal of establishing a jewish homeland

Israel becoming a nation

State of Israel established following the holocaust/ WWII. Ended British control over Palestine

Christianity

new religion sprang up in Roman-held lands in the Middle East. Leading figure Jesus Christ.

Jesus

Born in bethlehem to virgin mother named Mary

Belief in one god and acceptance of ten commandments

Jesus’ teachings that were rooted in jewish religion

Jesus’ new beliefs

He was the son of god, forgiveness and love for neighbors, and compassion and service to others.

4 main points of Jesus’ life

sinless life, crucifixion & death, burial, resurrection

New testament

texts written after the birth of jesus focusing on his life and teachings

religion with largest following today

christianity

kaaba

sacred site in Mecca

Islam

submission to god

muslims

followers of Islam believe same judo/christian history up until Jesus

Prophet Muhammad 610 C.E.

Received his first revelation from an angel named gabriel in a cave

Allah

god

Hegira of 622 CE

when muhammad and his followers migrated and resettled in Medina after facing hostility in Mecca

Quran

holy book of Islam. Muhammad’s revelations recorded

5 pillars of Islam

declaration of Faith, prayer, charity, fasting, hajj

islamic art

avoids use of figures and images of people, instead making frequent use of geometric patterns

Aniconism

opposition to the use of icons or visual images to depict living creatures or religious figures

geometric patterns

represent the infiniteness of Allah

Sunni muslims

leadership passes to elected caliph, support rule of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman, believe every individual has direct relationship with god

Shia muslims

leadership is limited to descendents of muhammad, reject rule of first 3 caliphs, Imam provides spiritual link to Allah

Shared beliefs between Sunni and Shia

Muhammad is Allah’s final prophet, quran contains word of Allah, 5 pillars of Faith

Balfour Declaration (1917)

Statement issued by the British government supporting the establishment of a home for jewish people in Palestine

control post WWII

League of nations gave European nations control over former ottoman islands, called mandates. British gained Palestine as a mandate until 1948

1910-1940

Jews immigrated to Palestine due toi zionist movement and anti-semitism. Arab population doubled

Jewish leaders declared independent state of Israel

May 14, 1948

Causes of Arab- Israeli war

U.N. proposed plan to partition palestine into Arab & Jewish states. Arabs rejected plan

Results of Arab- Israeli war

Israel won the war. Egypt occupied Gaza strip, Jordan occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem.

Palestinian Liberation Organization

Work towards creating independent palestine state in the land that became Israel

Six day war Causes

tensions rising between Israel and Arab neighbors. Egypt blocked Israel ships, arab countries were preparing for war

six day war results

Israel expanded territory by 200%. Gained Sinai peninsula and gaza strip, west bank, East jerusalem

Yom Kippur war causes

Egypt and Syria wanted to win back land

Yom kippur war results

Israel captured suez canal and pushed syrian forces back 40 miles from capital city

Camp David accords

Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty at camp david mediated by U.S. president Jimmy Carter. Israel withdrew from Sinai peninsula.

Fundamentalism

form of religion that upholds the strict, literal interpretation of scripture

Ayatollah

Shia religious leader that condemned western influence

Islamic fundamentalism

belief that society should be governed by islamic law

Iranian revolution causes

the Shah Raza Pahlavi ruled like a dictator and people felt that he ignored islamic traditions. shia religious leader Ayatollah

Iranian revolution results

massive protest and Shah fled country. Iran became islamic republic led by ayatollah

Sharia law

strict islamic rules

terrorism

use of violence especially against civilians by groups of extremist

Al Qaeda

fundamentalist islamic terrorist organization led by Osama Bin Laden.

Taliban

Islamic fundamentalist faction ruled afghanistan for nearly 10 years

ISIS

fundamentalist and terrorist group (Islamic state of Syria and Iraq)

Common goals of terrorism

drive western influence/ presence out of muslim nations, destroy israel, unite all muslims under sharia law

Muslim Womens dress

The quran does NOT clearly state how women are supposed to dress but implies modesty

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies coordinates and unifies petroleum policies among member countries

Hamas

Islamic resistance movement that has impact on wars in Israel and Palestine.