Anatomy Lab Practical 2

Blood vessels - Respiratory

Describe the steps of the circulatory system starting from the heart

Heart → large arteries → medium arteries → arterioles → capillary beds → venules → medium veins → large veins → heart

What structure do substances diffuse across in the circulatory system?

The capillary walls

How do the nutrients exchange (where is o2/ co2 coming from and going)?

o2 and nutrients from the blood to tissues; waste and co2 from tissues and blood

What are the three tunics surrounding the lumen?

Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica externa

What type of tissues make up the tunica intima?

endothelium with CT basement membrane

What type of tissues make up the tunica media?

Smooth muscle and elastic CT

What allows for changes in lumen diameter?

Tunica media

What protects and anchors vessels?

Tunica externa

What tissues make up the tunica externa?

Areolar and fibrous CT

What are the three types of blood vessels?

Arteries, capillaries, and veins

What are arteries?

vessels that transport blood away from the hear

How do arteries change shape during systole and diastole?

Expands during systole and recoils passively during diasole

What are the most expandable type of artery?

Elastic arteries

Where are elastic arteries and how big are they?

close to the heart, large

What type of arteries are known as the conducting vessels?

Elastic arteries

What type of arteries are known as the distributing vessels?

Muscular arteries

What are the smallest arteries known as the resistance vessels?

Arterioles

What provides the exchange of minerals in the tissues?

Capillaries

What type of tissue are capillaries made up of?

1 layer endothelium

What transports blood towards the heart?

Veins

Where is most of the blood volume?

In veins

What are veins known as because of their thin walls and large lumens?

Low pressure vessels

What are the three main ways our body helps with venous return?

1. Valves

2. skeletal muscle pump

3. respiratory pump

How are valves formed?

by fold of the tunica intima

Where are valves highly concentrated?

In the limbs

What helps prevent backflow?

Valves

What is the mechanism that uses skeletal muscle contractions to squeeze the veins?

Skeletal muscle pump

Is the pressure high or low in the veins?

low

What mechanism decreases intra thoracic pressure and increases intra abdominal pressure to cause blood to flow from veins in the abdominal region to veins in the thoracic region?

The respiratory muscle pump

What is the largest artery in the body?

The aorta

Where does the aorta leave from?

The left ventricle of the heart

What are the four regions of the aorta?

1. The ascending aorta

2. The aortic arch

3. The thoracic aorta

4. Abdominal aorta

Describe the location of the ascending aorta

Leaving the left ventricle

Describe the location of the aortic arch

arches to the left

Describe the location of the thoracic arch

travels downward through the thorax

describe the location of the abdominal aorta

passes through the diaphragm into the abdominopelvic cavity

What are the connecting arteries of the ascending aorta that serve the heart?

The right and left coronary arteries

What are the connecting arteries of the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

What arteries does the brachiocephalic trunk split into?

Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

What does the left common carotid artery split off into?

left internal and external carotid arteries

What does the left subclavian artery branch off to?

The left vertebral artery and the left subclavian artery

What does the subclavian artery become?

axillary artery → brachial artery → radial and ulnar arteries

What are the 4 arterial branches of the descending thoracic aorta?

1. Intercostal arteries

2. Bronchial arteries

3. Esophageal arteries

4. Phrenic arteries

What artery supplies the muscles of the thorax wall?

Intercostal arteries

What artery supplies the lungs?

The bronchial arteries

What artery serves the esophagus?

The esophageal arteries

What artery serves the diaphragm?

Phrenic arteries

What is the first branch from the abdominal aorta?

Celiac trunk

What are the three branches of the celiac trunk?

1. Left gastric artery

2. Splenic artery

3. Common hepatic artery

What serves the stomach?

Left gastric artery

What serves the spleen?

Splenic artery

What serves the liver?

Common hepatic artery

What supplies most of the small intestine and first half of large intestine?

Superior mesenteric artery

What serves the kidneys?

Left and right renal arteries

What serves the ovaries or testes?

The left and right gonadal arteries

What arteries serve the muscles of the abdomen and trunk?

Lumbar arteries

What artery supplies the second half of the large intestine?

Inferior mesenteric artery

What are the final branches of the aorta?

The left and right common iliac arteries

What arteries serve the pelvic organs?

The internal iliac arteries

What is the pathway of arteries from the external iliac arteries that enter the thigh?

femoral artery → popliteal artery -. anterior and posterior tibial arteries

What does the coronary circulation consist of?

Coronary arteries, cardiac veins, and coronary sinus

Where do coronary arteries branch from?

The aorta

What drains the myocardium of blood?

Cardiac veins

What supplies the heart muscles with oxygenated blood?

Coronary arteries

A large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins

Coronary sinus

Blood empties into the right atrium via the..

Coronary sinus

Where do arteries originate from?

Behind the aortic semilunar valves

What assures continued blood supply despite partial occlusions of individual arteries?

Interarterial anastomoses

What permits gas exchange in the pulmonary circulation?

Capillary beds around alveoli

What provides nourishing blood supply for the lungs?

Bronchial arteries

What do the veins of the hepatic portal system drain?

Digestive organs, spleen, pancreas

What are the major vessels of the hepatic portal circulation?

• Inferior and superior mesenteric veins

• Splenic vein

• Left gastric vein

What absorbs nutrients and toxins?

Capillary beds of the digestive system

What carries this blood to the liver?

Hepatic portal vein

What are the functions of the liver?

Help maintain proper glucose, fat, and protein concentrations in blood. Also filters toxins from the blood

What blood drains into the hepatic vein?

Blood from the liver

What is the cerebral arterial circle also called?

The circle of willis

What do internal carotid arteries divide into?

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries

What arteries supply most of the cerebrum?

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries

What serves the brain stem and cerebellum?

The Basilar artery

How is the basilar artery formed?

by the vertebral arteries joining once within the skull

What forms the division of the basilar artery?

The posterior cerebral arteries

What arteries supply the posterior cerebrum?

The posterior cerebral arteries

What are anterior and posterior blood supplies united by?

Small communicating arterial branches

Where does the vena cava enter?

The right atrium of the heart

What drains the head and arms?

Superior vena cava

What drains the lower body?

Inferior vena cava

List the veins that drain the arm

Radial and ulnar veins → brachial vein → axillary vein

What vein drains the lateral aspect of the arm and empties into the axillary vein?

Cephalic vein

What drains the medial aspect of the arm and empties into the brachial vein?

Basilic vein

What veins are joined at the median cubital vein? (elbow area)

Basilic and cephalic veins

Where does the subclavian vein receive blood from?

Axillary vein and external jugular vein

What drains the posterior part of the head?

The vertebral vein

What drains the dural sinuses of the brain?

Internal jugular veins

What 3 veins do the left and right brachiocephalic veins receive venous blood from?

The subclavian veins, vertebral veins, internal jugular veins

What veins join to form the superior vena cava?

Brachiocephalic veins

What drains the thorax?

Azygous vein

What veins drain the legs?

Anterior and posterior tibial veins and fibial veins

List the order of the veins in the leg

Posterior tibial vein → popliteal vein → femoral vein → external iliac vein

What is the longest vein of the body?

Great saphenous veins