SPED Chapter 8

Communication Disorder

IDEA Definition

A speech or language impairment, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.  

Communication disorder is a disorder characterized by

an inability to comprehend or share ideas or feelings due to impairments in language, speech or hearing.

communication

the interactice exchange of information, idseas, feelings, needs, and desires

communication involves 

a message, a sender who expressed the message, the receiver who responds to the message

functions of communication

narrating, explaining/informing, request, expressing

language

a formalized code that a group of people use to communicate with one another 

speech

oral production of language and is one of the most complex human behaviors

The 4 related process in speech

respiration, phonaiton, resonation, and articulation

children between the ages of 11 and 36 months of age are

exposed to a tremendous amount of language

children who are learning to talk practice their new skill

relentlessly 

communication disorder defined by the American Speech Language and Hearing Association (ASHA)

An impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts on verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbols systems.  

challenges in students with communication disorders

difficulties with learning and interpersonal relationships

a severe communication disorder may lead other to believe the child does not 

care about the world around them or has nothing to say

a child may have a _____,_____,_____.

a speech impairment, a language impairment, or both

When is speech impaired?

when it deviates so much from the speech of other people that is calls attention to itself, inteferes with communication, and provokes distress in the speaker and the listener.

Speech impairment type 1

articulation disorders

articulation disorders

error in the production of sounds

Speech impairment type 2

fluency disorder

fluency disorder

difficulties with the flow of rhythm of speech

Speech impairment type 3

Voice disorders 

voice disorders

problems with the quality or one’s voice (can include pitch, loudness, resonance)

resonance disorders typically result in

hyponasality or hypernasality 

Another characteristic of communication disorder

speech-sound errors

distortions-

speech sounds sound more like another speech sound but is incorrect

example of distortion

zleep instead of sleep

substitutions

substitute one sound for another

substitution example

substitute train for crane

omissions

omit certain sounds

omissions examples

cool instead of school

additions

adds an extra sound

example of additions

hamber instead of hammer

articulation disorders

a child is not able to produce a given sound physically becuase that sound is not in their repertoire

phonological disorders

a child has the ability to produce a given sound and does so correctly in some instances but not in others

receptive 

trouble understanding language. May be unable to comprehend spoken sentences or follow a sequence of directions. 

expressive

trouble using language to communicate. May have a very limited vocabulary; may use incorrect words and phrases; or may not speak at all, communicating only through gestures.   

Receptive or Expressive or Both

language disorder is impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems. 

Phonology

linguistic rules governing a language’s sound system. Phonological rules apply to the sequence and combination of sounds of a given language

Morphology

a language’s basic units of meaning and how those units are combined into words.

Morphemes

the smalled elements of language that carry meaning, can be sounds, syllables, or whole words

Syntax

rules governing the meaningful arrnagement of words that are language specific

Semantics

meaning of words and combination of words.

Semantic knowledge of component language users includes

vocabulary, concept developmen, and connotative meanings

pragmatics

social use of language

pragmatic skills

using language for different purposes like greeting, informing, demanding, promising, and requesting

Language delay implied a child is 

slow to develop linguistic skills but acquires them in a typical sequence 

In 2018-2019 school year 

about 1,036,790 children received sped and related services under the IDEA category speech and language impaired

speech and language impaired is the

second largest disability category of IDEA with 16-18% of students in sped.

About 50% of children who receive sped services because of a

primary diability also have communication disorders

possible causes of a speech impairment

cleft palate, paralysis of speech muscles, absence of teeth, craniofacial abnormalities, enlarged adenoids, traumatic brain injurt, dysarhia

Possible causes for language disorders

developmental and intellectual disabilites, autism, TBI, child abuse and neglect, hearing loss, structural abnormalities of the speech mechanism, aphasia, genetic, environmenal influences

Aphasia

loss of the ability to use language. It can result from a TBI

Children who fail a screening test are candidates for an in-depth evaluation where a

specialist completes a comprehensive evaluation to detecta communication disorder including the following components: case history and physical examination, articulation, hearing, phonological awareness and processing, vocab and overall language development, assessment of language function, language samples like natural conversation to describe a picture, and observation of natural settings.

When assessing language proficency, it must be done in

both the first and second languages

Do not diagnose a speech-lnguage disorder if problems

are observed only in English and not in their first language or dialect

Include assessment of basic interpersonal communication skills and

cognitive academic language proficiency

Assessment for the purpose of identifying children with disabilities are 

required by IDEA to be conducted in the child’s native langauge

speech therapy is a 

reated service and is provided by a speech language pathologist 

speech-language pathologist is

the perferred term for a school-based with primary responsibility for identifying, evaluating, and providing therapeutic services to children with communication disorders. 

Speech Language Pathologist’s (SLP) goal is to

correct the child’s speech and language problem or to help the child echieve the max communication potential

SLP addressses

causes and encompases pracitionrs with numerous points of view who use a wide range of intervetion techniques.

Approaches

teaching speech-sound errors, fluency, voice disorders and language disorders

speech-sound errors

articulation and phonological errors: discrimmination and production activities to help correct speech sounds

fluency disorders

behavioral principles and self-monitoring

Voice disorders

medical examination and direction vocal rehab to eliminate vocal misuse and improve vocal hygiene; voice therapy

language disorders

vocab building and naturalistic interventions

A SLP is a

key member of the IEP team. Their goal is to correct the child’s speech and language problems or to help the child achieve the maximum communicative potential by providing therapeutic services. 

Lidcombe Program

a behaviorally based stuttering treatment that trains parents to ignore their child’s stuttering initially and reinforce fluent utterances with frequent praise

Augmentative and Alternative Communication

an educational approach strategy that refers to a diverse set of strategies and methods to assist those who cannot meet their communication needs through speech or writting

AAC may be

aided, unaided, no tech, low tech, or high tech 

AAC entails 3 components

A representational symbol set or vocab, a means for selecting the symbols, and a means for transmitting the symbols.

In 2018-2019 school year, 88% of children where placed in the

gen ed classroom for at least 80% of the day

Examples of service delivery models

monitoring, classroom based, pullout, separate classroom

A severe articulation disorder is whn

a child pronounces so many sounds so poorly that their speech is unintelligible most of the time