Chapter 20: Girding for War: The North and the South (1861-1865)

Fort Sumter

A federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina that became the flashpoint of the Civil War

• Confederate forces attacked soon-to-be “Union” soldiers after President Lincoln tried to resupply them

beginning, final

Fort Sumter represents the ? of active hostilities between the North and South, sparking the Civil War

• it’s the ? break

Border States

Slave states that bordered the free states in the North, but did not secede out of loyalty to the Union

• Some states had votes to decide on secession, but the majority of people decided against it

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia

The border states included

• ? (starts with D)

• ? (starts with M)

• ? (starts with K)

• ? (starts with M)

• ? (starts with W)

divided, extreme, buffer

The border states reflected the ? loyalties within America

• they often used ? measures to prevent secession

• they acted as ? zones for the Civil War

Billy Yank

The personification of determined Union soldiers

• Often associated with industrial backgrounds

Johnny Reb

The personification of the Southern, Confederate soldier

• Embodied rural life

cultural, social, propaganda

Billy Yank and Johnny Reb highlighted the ? and ? differences between the North and South

• they were used as ? to boost morale on both sides

Trent Affair

A diplomatic crisis in 1861 between the US and UK that almost sparked war

• Union ship intercepted British mail streamer Trent

  • Was an attempt to seize Confederate diplomats

  • England saw it as a violation of neutrality

    • The diplomats were eventually released by the US to prevent tensions

balance, foreign

The Trent Affair was critical to understanding the delicate ? the Union needed to maintain with ? powers during the Civil War

CSS Alabama

a Confederate commerce raider built in England that wrecked havoc on Union merchant ships during the Civil War

• operated by Confederate Captain Raphael Semmes

naval, foreign

The CSS Alabama highlighted the challenges of ? activities during the Civil War

• Represented the broader impact of ?-built ships as well

Morrill Tariff Act

an Act passed in 1861 that raised tariffs to protect American industries

• generated revenue for the Union during the Civil War

  • aligned with Northern industrial interests

protective, major

The Morrill Tariff Act marked a shift towards more ? economic policies that would last post-Civil-War

• it was a ? source of revenue for the Union

National Banking System

A banking system established in 1863 to create a stable, uniform national currency to fund the Union’s war effort

• issued currency backed by federal bonds

banking, currency, investments

The National Banking System laid the groundwork for future ? reforms

• helped standardize ? in America

• encouraged making ?