Period 2 APUSH COLLEGE BOARD

Explain the context for the colonization of North America from 1607 to 1754

Europeans developed a variety of colonization

and migration patterns, influenced by different

imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North

American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources

Britain: exclude natives, large numbers, entire

families, not just men, not intermixed marriage,

war w/ natives

Dutch: wanted to build large trading center, but

taken by the English, present day NYC, traded

with natives

Spanish: conquer/enslave natives, convert them

mainly male, children w/ native women, minerals

French: friendly relationships w natives, ally and

adopt native practice, not many settelments

Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as

their relationships with native population

French: fur trading

Spain: goal was to make money, all trade go through

spanish ports

England: glory and gold

Dutch: trading

In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors

Chesapeake colonies: Maryland and Virginia

grew tabacco, large plantations, expand land, used

indentured servents

New England: Established by Puritans, small towns

and farms, schools to learn to read bible, boston

major port. Colder climate, rocky terrain led to No

large plantations

middle colonies: most diverse demographically,

religously and ethniclly. Quakers in PA-religious

tolerance, women in PA had more rights, immigrants

from germany. Economy bassed on exportation of

goods

Southern Colonies and West Indies: Rice staple crop

white labor refused to work in fields led to slave

labor. West Indies (Barbados) sugar cultivation

used slave labor

Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.

Metacom's war: caused by land, resources and

boundaries. In new england, natives defeated, no

longer a threat

Pueblo Revolt: overthrew spanish for 12 years. After

spanish regained control, they were more

accomedating

Powhatan War: (1610-1677) over land in VA, Natives

were given reservation land

Pequot wAR (1636-1638): attacked Mass. colonists

relatiated, near-destruction of pequots

Explain the context for the colonization of North

America from 1607 to 1754.

The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control

emergence of distance caused salutary Neglect.

New England had colonial gov. town meetings that

elected legislatures. Southern colonial gov. planters

dominated assemblies. House of Burgesses

Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as

they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another

mercantilism. fur and tobacco sent to England. grew

more capitalistic views. Enlightenment ideas spread

across from England

Both sides increasingly distrusted one another.

colonists wanted to expand Britain did not

Proclamation line of 1762

trade divided them colonist smuggled to avoid tax

Anglicization:using more English norms/customs

bc colonial governments based on english models

trans-Atlantic print culture, ideas, goods, trade

and newspapers

spread of protestant Evangelicalism by Whitefield

Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic

characteristics of those colonies.

chattel slavery. More common is south on plantation

larger population in south, settled for trade

large amounts of land, shortage of indentured

servants, bacon's rebellion

Explain how and why various European colonies

developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754

Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into Spanish colonial society

incorporated through cast system and

encomienda system. Mission system, disease

French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other

products for export to Europe.

French: Coureurs de bois, french fur traders

Dutch: trade

both: alliance, french in the 7 years war

English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately

Religious freedom in PA, escape religious

persecution in England

better living conditions because England is

over crowded

welcomed immigrants from other countries-german

pluralism: multiple groups of religion together

intellectual exchange from different European

groups

Explain how and why environmental and other factors shaped the

development and expansion of various British colonies that developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754

The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco—a labor intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans.

Shifted to Africans bc free labor and bacon's

rebellion

The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.

port cities

The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance.

PA- religious tolerance and women have more

rights

The colonies of the southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the

population in these areas and developed their

own forms of cultural and religious autonomy

overtly: rebellion (stono rebellion 1739)

covertly: breaking tools, working slow

autonomy: Family: surrogate families

culture: language and music

religion: African mixed with christianity.

Explain how and why environmental and other

factors shaped the development and expansion

of various British colonies that developed and expanded

from 1607 to 1754

Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial

legislatures; in the southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies

salutary neglect

Explain causes and effects of transatlantic trade over time

An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial

economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor.

American to Europe/Africa: Potatoes, tomatoes,

maize

Europe to Americas: wheat, rice, horse, chicken, ox

In Europe and Asia: growth in population from

new food and increase wealth and decrease in

feudalism and raise of capitalism

Africa: Used as slaves

Americas: disease, social classes, horse,

encomienda systems

Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical

demographic shifts

Measles and small pox

The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.

colonists tried to avoid tax by smuggling

enforced navigation acts: only trade w/ Britain

and its colonies

Explain how and why interactions between various European nations and American Indians changed over time

Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently ought alliances with Europeans against other American Indian groups.

Iroquois allied with England against other natives

Europeans allied w/ native groups against opposing

native groups, pequot and metacom's war

British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England

American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.

Explain the causes and effects of slavery in the various British

colonial regions

All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as

well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southern Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies.

As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity

Explain how enslaved people responded to slavery

Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing nature of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.

overtly: rebellion, stono rebellion 1739

covertly: breaking tools, working slow

surrogate families, language and music, mix of

African religion and christianity

Explain how and why the movement of a variety of people and ideas across the Atlantic contributed to the development of American culture over time

The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.

1st great awakening: led to increase in conversion

and new branches of christianity

enlightenment ideas: questioning the government

Locke: natural rights

Montesquieu: separation of power

The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a transatlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.

government based on English models

contact w Britain via trans-Atlantic print culture

ideas, goods via newspapers and trade

spread of protestant evangelicalism by whitefield

Explain how and why the different goals and interests of European leaders and colonists affected how they viewed themselves and their

relationship with Britain.

The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self rule, and trade

colonial self-government: no say in parliament

Ideas of liberty: colonist seen as British and wanted same rights

Enlightenment: challenged traditional government

encouraged limiting gov powers

Religious independence and diversity: 1st GA

challenged traditional church and gov

Perceived corruption in imperial system

Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.

Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America.

Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources

Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations

In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors.

Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas

Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America.

The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control.

Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another.

Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic

characteristics of those colonies.