nutrition chp 3

A _______ is a self-contained, living entity, yet it depends on the rest of the body's cells to supply its needs---this contains a complete set of genes located in the chromosomes.

A _______ is a self-contained, living entity, yet it depends on the rest of the body's cells to supply its needs---this contains a complete set of genes located in the chromosomes.

cell

T or F: Gene activity determines the nature of each cell's work

true

what do genes direct and influence?

production of proteins, enzymes, and structural proteins

cells are organized into ______ that perform specialized tasks; examples include blood, muscles nerves, and bone

tissue

discrete structural units made of tissues are grouped together to form ______; examples are the heart, liver, and brain

organs

a group of related organs work together as part of a _____ to perform a function

body system

blood travels within ______, _______, and _____ and heart's chamber

arteries, veins, capillaries

_____ is the cell-free fluid part of blood and lymph

plasma

_______ is fluid that moves from the bloodstream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels, which eventually drain back into the bloodstream

lymph

lymphatic system…

plays a critical roles in immune system function

what are the non circulating fluids?

extracellular fluid, and intracellular fluid

what nutrient is most important for ensuring the efficient circulation of fluids to and from your cells?

water (you need ample fluid intake to ensure efficient circulation of fluids in the body; this means consuming sufficient water to replace the water lost each day).

______ are chemicals secreted by ____ that act as messengers that stimulate various organs to take action

hormones, gland

______ secrete _______ which act as messengers, some examples are insulin and glucagon

glands, hormones

how do hormones affect nutrition?

regulate the digestive system in response to meals or fasting, help regulate hunger and appetite, influence appetite changes in a women's reproductive years, regulate the body reaction to stress, suppressing hunger and digestion

hunger regulation is coordinated by the _____

brain

the outermost layer of something; the brain's ___ is the part of the brain where conscious thought takes place, and perceives hunger and appetite.

cortex

the ______ monitors availability of nutrients and water

hypothalamus

what was the five basic chemical tastes?

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (other factors that affect flavor)

______, ____, and ___ foods provide energy and minerals, almost universally desired, can lead to overeating

sweet, salty, and fatty foods

what is the order of the path of digestion and absorption? (MESSLR)

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and rectum

the ____ chews and starts mechanical digestion and mixes food with saliva (bolus); here chemical digestion begins to act on carbs

mouth

the ____ passes food to the stomach

esophagus

the stomach grinds and churns food with acids and enzymes to create ______

chyme

the _______ secretes enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fat, and protein; and is where most nutrients are absorbed; 20-foot length diameter below the stomach and above the large intestine- powerhouse of digestion and absorption

small intestine

the ______ reabsorbs water and minerals

large intestine

rectum

stores waste prior to elimination; kept closed by the anus

gastric juice

mixture of water, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid

mucus

slippery coating that protects and coats the digestive tract lining

bile

emulsifies fat; made in the liver, and stored in the gallbladder

pancreatic juice

secreted by the pancreas; contains digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

______ is the collection of bacteria in the digestive tract, that's beneficial for microbe activities, and used for inflammation

microbiota

how much time does food spend in the mouth?

< 1 minute

how much time does food spend in the stomach?

1-2 hours

how much time does food spend in the small intestine?

7-8 hours

how much time does food spend in the colon/large intestine?

12-14 hours

The small intestine's wall is lined with _____; these contain a network of capillaries and lymphatic vessels for transporting nutrients out of the intestinal cells; they enlargen to facilitate nutrient absorption through cells to the blood and lymph

villi

what two vessels in the intestines absorb nutrients?

blood capillaries, small lymph vessels

how many types of common digestive problems are there?

9

_____ is infrequent, difficult bowel movement

constipation

_____ is frequent, watery bowel movements

diarrhea

____ is chronic heartburn that may increase the risk of esophageal cancer

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

heartburn can be relieved by…

antacid and acid reducers

_______ are swollen, hardened veins in the rectum, often caused by constipation

hemorrhoids

hernia (hiatal hernia)

protrusion of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

hiccups

spasms of the vocal cord and diaphragm

______ is intermittent disturbance of bowel function

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

ulcer

eroded spot in the intestinal lining, common in the esophagus, stomach, or upper small intestine

T or F: ulcers are caused by the bacterium [E.coli]

false (H.pylori)

which organs are involved in waste removal?

lungs, liver, kidneys, and bladder

nephrons

functional units of the kidneys, they collect waste materials dissolved in water; consisting of intermeshed blood vessels and tubules

kidney functions

excrete or retain sodium to regulate blood pressure, and regulate blood volume and concentrations of substances in blood and extracellular fluids

what are the regular eating intervals?

4-6 hours

what are the major storage sites within the body?

liver, muscles, adipose tissue

what do the liver and muscles store?

glycogen for cellular use in the liver, muscles for own use

what does adipose tissue store?

fat and fat-related substances for long-term energy use

________ _______ is drinking no more than 1 drink per day for women and for men no more than 2 drinks per day

moderate drinking

_______ _______ is drinking 5 or more drinks on 5 or more days per month

heavy drinking

________ ________ is consuming 5 or more drinks on the same occasion for men, and consuming 4 or more drinks on the same occasion for women

binge drinking

______ _______ is the overuse of alcohol that leads to social, emotional, family, or job-related problems

problem drinking (alcohol abuse)

_______ is the dependency of alcohol characterized by compulsive, uncontrollable drinking

alcoholism

what are some short-term effects of too much alcohol?

dehydration and hangover

T or F: there are [pancreatic] benefits of moderate drinking (wine)

false (heart)

what are long-term effects of excessive drinking?

impact on metabolism and nutrients, irrevertible damage to brain, liver, kidneys, and heart.

what percentage of alcohol does a 90-proof liquor contain?

45%

The proof of an alcoholic beverage equals ___ the percentage of alcohol?

twice

enzymes

working proteins that speed up chemical reactions, such as releasing energy from nutrient molecules, without being altered.

_____ are nonenzyme proteins of cells, such as the proteins of the cell membrane and ITs interior structures

structural proteins

____ are cells that specialize in the storage of fat and form the fat tissue; these also produce fat-metabolizing enzymes, hormones involved in appetite and energy balance

fat cells

phenylketonuria (PKU)

an inborn error of metabolism that interferes with the body's handling of phenylalanine (from dietary protein) and left untreated, results in serious harm to the brain and nervous system.

the fluid of the cardiovascular system: is composed of water, red and white blood cells, other formed particles, nutrients, oxygen, and other constituents

blood

_____ are blood vessels that carry blood containing fresh oxygen supplies from the heart to the tissue (carry blood away from the heart)

arteries

_____ are blood vessels that carry blood, with the carbon dioxide it has collected from the tissues back to the heart

veins

capillaries

small, weblike blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and permit transfers of materials between blood and tissues

intestine

the body's long, tubular organ of digestion and the site of nutrient absorption

liver

a large lobed organ that lies under the ribs, that filters the blood, removes, and processes nutrients, manufactures materials for export to other parts of the body, and destroys toxins or stores them to keep them out of the circulatory system

kidneys

a pair of organs that filter wastes from the blood, make urine, and release it into the bladder for excretion from the body

this is a large system of tissue and organs that defend the body against microbes or foreign materials that have penetrated the skin or body linings.

immune system

______ are bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms invisible to the naked eye, some of which cause diseases-- these are also called microorganisms

microbes

hormones

chemicals that are secreted by glands into the blood in response to conditions in the body that require regulation-- these chemicals serve as messengers, acting on other organs to maintain appropriate conditions

______ is a carbohydrate fuel present in the bloodstream; needed for optimal functioning and health, the blood ___ concentration must be maintained within the range of neither too high nor low.

glucose

pancreas

a gland that produces the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose concentrations

T or F: The pancreas produces digestive enzymes, which it releases through a duct into the small intestine.

true

____ is a hormone from the pancreas that prompts cells to WITHDRAW glucose from the blood

insulin

_____ is a hormone from the pancreas that SIMULATES the liver to RELEASE glucose into the blood when necessary to raise its concentration

glucagon

digestive system

the body system composed of organs that break down complex food particles into smaller, absorbable products. The digestive tract and alimentary canal are names for the tubular organs that extend from the mouth to the anus

The whole system, including the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, is sometimes called the....

(gastrointestinal) GI system

specialized cells are grouped together to form ____ and ____; they work together in body systems

tissues, organs

the body's cells needs these 4 things to remain healthy and do their work

oxygen, energy, nutrients, and especially water

which system ensures that fluids circulate properly among all tissues

cardiovascular system

___ and ____ deliver needed materials to all the body's cells and carry waste materials away from them

blood, lymph

the ___ and ____ regulate body processes, respond to the need for food, govern the act of eating, regulate digestion, and call for the stress response when needed

nervous system, hormonal system

the _____ ____ is a flexible, connective muscular tube that digests food and absorbs its nutrients and some nonnutrients

digestive tract

what are some ancillary digestive organs that aid digestion?

pancreas, gallbladder

peristalsis

involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system (squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine)

T or F: a substantial population of intestinal bacteria scavenges and breaks down [fibers] and other undigested compounds

true

the _____ absorbs and uses products of bacterial metabolism; the bacteria and their products also interact with other organs and tissues

colon/large intestine

_____ strongly influences the composition and metabolism of intestinal bacteria; the healthy digestive system can adjust to almost any ____ and handle any combination of food with ease

diet

the ___ and ___ actions of the digestive tract efficiently break down foods into nutrients and then large nutrients into their smaller building blocks

mechanical, chemical

T or F: the [liver] adjusts the blood's composition in response to the body's needs, disposing of everyday wastes and helping remove toxin

false (kidney)