AP Bio - Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function

only course exam description

Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions

The Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, which make proteins. The smooth ER makes lipids and detoxifies drugs and other toxins.

Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage within the cell or transport out of the cell.

Mitochondrial struture

The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds. The folding of the inner membrane increases surface area for ATP production.

Lysosomes

Contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down substances and are important in intracellular digestion, the recycling of a cell’s organic materials, and programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Vacuole Function

Vacuoles have many roles, including storage and release of macromolecules and cellular waste products. In plants, it helps retain water for turgor pressure.

Phosopholipids

These are a type of lipid molecule that is the main component of the cell membrane. They're made up of two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone.

Phospholipid Bilayer

This is the basic structure of a biological membrane, composed primarily of phospholipids. It forms when two layers of phospholipids align with their hydrophobic tails facing each other and their hydrophilic heads facing outwards.

What molecules can pass through the cell membrane?

Small and nonpolar

What are cell walls made of?

Cell walls of plants, prokaryotes, and fungi are composed of complex carbohydrates.

Endocytosis

A cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell.

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is the process where cells transport molecules out of the cell by enclosing them in an energy-using vesicle that fuses with the plasma membrane.