EMPERICAL PHASE

collection of data

a precise, systematic process of gathering informationg relevant to the research purpose of specific objectives, questions, or hypothesis of the study.

• primary data collection

• secondary data collection

what are the categories of data collection

primary data collection

reseracher personally collect data from actual respondents using methods such as interviews and questionnaires

interviews and questionnaires

what does researchers use in primaray data collection

researcher personally collects data

how does the research collect data in primary data collection

secondary data collection

researchers uses data that was collected from another purpose such as px’s medical records, emlpoyee or patient’s satisfaction survey

data that was collected for another purpose

what data does the research use in secondary data collection

patient’s medical records, employee or patient’s satisfaction surveys.

what are examples of data that are collected in secondary data collection?

research instrument

this serve as measurement tools

research instrument

it describes the tools for data collection

research instrument

refer to the questionanire or data gathering instrument to be constructed, validates, and administered

• self-reports

• observational methods

• biomarkers

• records

• delphi technique

quantitative study: types of research instruments

self-reports

used when reserachers know in advance exactly what they need to know

self-reports

colected with a formal, written document (an instrument)

• interview schedule

• questionnaire

what instruments are used in self-reports

interview schedule

this is when questions are asked orally face-to—face or by telephone

questionnaire

this is when the respondents complete the instrument themselves

• close-ended questions

• open-ended questions

• demographic questions

• contingency questions

what are the types of question form and wording

pre-specified

in close-ended questions, the response are ___

close-ended questions

in this questions, options may range from a simple yes or no to complex expressions of opinion

• mutually exclusive

• collectively exhausted

characteristics of close-ended questions

there is no overlapping of answers

mutually exclusive is when

all possible answers are provided (Ex. SATA)

collectively exhausted characteristic is when

• dichotomous question

• multiple-choice question

• forced-choice question

• rating question

what are the examples of close-ended questions

open-ended questions

this questions allow participants to respond to questions in their own qwords

open-ended questions

this question is used when participants are verbally expressive and cooperative

verbally expressive and cooperative

open-ended questions are used when participants are

demographic questions

this questions entail about the characteristics of the respondents

contingency questions

these are questions that may be relevant for some but not for others

sum of items scores

in summated rating scale, a person’s total score is the

likert scale

example of summated rating scales

summated rating scales

present respondents with series of items

scale

a device that assigns a numeric score to people along a continuum

numeric score

a scale is a device that assigns a ____ to people along a continuum

psychosocial scale

used to measure attitudes, perceptions, and psychosocial traits such as anxiety or depression

attitudes, perceptuions, and psychological traits such as anxiety or depression

what does psychosocial scale measure

likert scale

traditionally consists of several declarative statements (items) that express a viewpoint on a topic

declarative statements

likert scale tradtionally consists of several ___ ____ (items) tha express a viewpoint on a topic

observational methods

techniques for acquiring data through direct observatiob of phenomenon

• Patient’s condition

• Verbal communication

• Non verbal communication

• Activities

• Environmental conditions

Observational methods can be used to gather information such as

• Human senses

• Recorded manually or with equipment

Observational methods can be made through___ and then recorded ___ or ___

Structured observations

It dictates what the observer should observe

Category systems

Structured observation uses ___ for classifying observed phenomena

Checklists

What does structured ovservation often involve

• Category system

• Contrasting technique

What afe the methods of structured observation

Catogory system

A method of recording in a systematic fashion the behaviors and events of interest that transpires within a setting

Category system

Requires that all observed behaviors in a specified domain be classified

Category system

Basis for constructing a checklist

Systematic fashion

Category system is a method of recording in a ___ tye behaviors and events of interest that traspire withing a setting

Observed behaviors

Category system requires that all ___ in a specified domain be classified

Contrasting technique

A system in which only particular types of behavior (which may or may not occur) are categorised

Only particularl types of behavior (which may or may not occur)

In contrasting technique what is only categorized

Biomarkers

Used for collection of physical data from the participants

Biomarkers

Relatively accurate and precise as compared to physiological measures

Biomarkers

Provide valid measures of targeted variables

Physical data

What data is collected in biomarkers

Records

Use of pre-existing documents or pertinent reports of an institution

Records

Raw data from basic documents such as patients chart

Tabular data

Data which includes patienta admission ir discharge, total numbers of surgeries or workload of nurses

Pre-existing documents or pertinent reports

What documents are used in records

Series of questionnaire

What is used in delphi technique

Delphi technique

Uses a series of questionnaire to gather a consensus of opinions and information from a group of experts

Consensus of opinions and information from a group of experts

What is gathered in delphi technqie

• Qualitative self-report techniques

• Qualitative observational methods

What are the types of qualitative research instrument

Qualitative self report techniques

the researchers do not have a set of questions that must be asked in a specific order and worded in a given

Qualitative self report techniques

In this technique, the researchers start with generam question and allow respondents to tell their narrative in a not naturalistic fashion

Qualitative self report techniques

In this, interviews tend to be conversational

General question

What question is used to start in quali self report techniques

Not naturalistic fashion

In what fashion does the researchers allow the respindents to tell their narratives

Conversational

Qualitayive interveiews are tend to be what

• Structured interviews

• Unstructured interviews

• Sem-structured interviews

• Personal diary

• Photo elicitation

What are the types of qualittaive self report texhniques

Structured interviews (formal)

Te interviewer ia guided by prepared questions but with no probing on the participants answers

Ask questions guided by prepared questions but with no probing on the participants answer

In a structured interview what does the researcher do

Unstructured interviews (informal)

Have no preconceived view of information to be gathered

Unstructured interviews (informal interviews)

Used in ethnographic and phenomenological studies

Unstructured interviews (informal interviews)

Researchers begin by asking grand tour questions

Grand tour questions

What questions are first asked in an unstructured interview

Ethnographic and phenomenogical studies

Where is unstructred interview used in

No perceived view

In unstructured interviews, the researchers has ____ of the information to ge gathered

Semi-structured interviews

Used when researchers have a list of types or broad questions that must be covered in an interview

Semi-structured interviews

Interviewers use a written topic guide to ensure that all question areas are addressed

To encourage participants to talk freely about all the topics on the guide

Whatbis the interviewer’s function in a semi-structured interview

Written topic guide

In Semi-structured interviews, what does interviewers use to ensure that all questions are addresses

List of topics or broad questions

Semi-structured interview is used when researchers have a ___ or ___ that must be covered in an interview.

Personal diary

Standard data source in historical study

Personal diary

Generate new ideas for a stidy by asking participants to maintain a diary over a specific time period

Personal diary

Canbe useful im providing an intimate description of a person's everyday life

Personal diary

Completely unstructured

Standard data source

Personal diary is a ____ in historical study

Historical study

Personal diary is a astandard data source in:

Intimate description

Personal diary can be useful in providing an ____ of a person's everyday life

False: completely unstructured

True or false: Personal diary is completely structured

Photo elicitation

Incolves an interview guided by photographic images

Photo elicitation

Most often used in ethnographic and PAR studies

Photographs

____ are sometimes are one the researchers have made of the participants world

Photovoice

A technique of asking participants to take photographs of themeselves and interpret them

Ethnographic and PAR studies

Photo elicitation is most commonly used in what studies

Collaborative discussion

What does photo elicitation helps promote

Phrographic images

Photo elicitation involves an interview guided by

• One-on-one interviews

• Focused group interviews

• Telephone interviews

• E-mail interviews

Types of qualitative interviews