Geography Paper 2 - Global Migration (copy)

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What is a refugee?

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35 Terms

1

What is a refugee?

People who move out of a country due to fear of persecution or death

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2

What is an asylum seeker?

A person who seeks entry to another country by claiming to be a refugee

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3

What 6 topics does migration affect?

  • Demographic

  • Culture

  • Economic

  • Social

  • Environmental

  • Political

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4

What is the equation for population change?

PC = (Births-Deaths) ± migration

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5

What is a long term migrant?

Someone who moves for longer than a year

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6

What is a short term migrant?

Someone who moves from 3 months to 1 year

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7

Why are migration figures estimates?

  • Due to undocumented and illegal immigration

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8

What is net migration?

  • The difference between immigration and emigration

  • Can be positive or negative

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9

What was UK net migration in 2014?

net gain of 318,000

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10

What is immigration?

People moving into a country

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11

What is emigration?

People moving out of a country

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12

In 2013 how many UK born people lived abroad and why?

  • 5.1 million

  • Retirement

  • Employment

  • Family reuinifcation

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13

What are INTER regional flows?

  • From one region to another

  • For example people from Asia going to Europe

  • Often involves trafficking and is a major safety concern for border control and UN refugee agency

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14

What are INTRA regional flows?

  • From areas within the same region

  • For example many Eastern Europeans often migrate west due to higher wages and most are working age

  • 2013 660,000 Poles in UK

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15

What are push factors?

Factors which are negative that happen making a person want to migrate

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16

What are pull factors?

Advantages of a destination that attract migrants to the area

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17

What 4 factors are obstacles to migration?

  • Costs

  • Physical barriers

  • Climate factors

  • Health

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18

How do migrant remittances affect a country?

  • Countries with higher GDP remittances are a lower proportion as they are more advanced and don’t rely on them as a source of economy

  • Countries with a lower GDP remittances are often a higher proportion as they are less advanced and rely on them for the economy

  • However low GDP places like sub-Saharan Africa receive low amounts remittances due to immigration policies and travel costs

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19

How does global migration promote stability?

  • Migrant remittances are a source of foreign exchange

  • Returning migrants have new ideas and values that contribute to peacebuilding and conflict resolution

  • Youthful migrants can contribute to a balanced age structure

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20

How does global migration promote economic growth?

  • GDP and tax can be boosted by migrants

  • Migrants can stimulate economy and open up new business in gaps in the market

  • Remittances can stimulate the multiplier effect

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21

How does global migration promote development?

  • Skills and knowledge can benefit country of origin

  • Migrants create networks which eases the flow of skills and finance through diaspora

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22

How does global migration cause inequality?

  • Country of origin often loses young labour force

  • Better educated people migrate for better pay and opportunity

  • Changes in birth rate

  • Migrant remittances can cause inequality between families

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23

How does global migration cause conflicts?

  • Social conflict between ‘newcomers’ of different ethnicity and culture

  • Immigration populations can place pressure on services

  • International borders are areas of conflict between border control, traffickers, illegal immigrants

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24

How does global migration cause Injustice?

  • Migrants are vulnerable to violations of human rights because of trafficking/forced labour

  • Treatment of asylum seekers in detention centres and living conditions

  • Refugees may find it hard to access medication, safety, food

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25

Which two corridors of migration are most dominant?

  • South to North

  • South to South

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26

What are two examples of INTER regional migration?

  • Highly skilled workers from China, India to USA in maths science and technology attracted by quality of life and high salaries

  • Workers from India, Pakistan to Saudi Arabia for oil production attracted by demand for labour, higher wages and ease of returning remittances

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27

What are two examples of INTRA regional migration?

  • Migrants from ASEAN states such as Laos, Myanmar to Thailand attracted by higher wages even though they are undocumented and higher socio-economic development

  • Migrants within South America further south to Chile, Argentina for labour opportunities

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28

How is a younger workforce affected by migration?

  • Greater employment opportunities and higher wages

  • Demand for workers in oil producing middle east

  • High proportions in construction

  • Most are low skilled and not educated beyond primary level

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29

How are female migrants affected by migration?

  • Recently women and girl migrants have increased

  • 2013 52% migrants in developed countries were female

  • Europe, Latin America has higher numbers of female migrants than males

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30

Why is the South-South migration corridor popular?

  • There are restrictive barriers from south north so south south is easier

  • Fast growing southern economies mean migration is attractive

  • High costs to go north

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31

The Myanmar to Thailand corridor

  • Largest ASEAN migrant corridor

  • 1.9 mil migrants

  • Myanmar is attracted due to economic growth of Thailand

  • Minimum wage of 300 baht is 10 times Myanmar

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32

Reasons for large numbers of refugees

  • Conflict, safety

  • Political persecution, violation of human rights

  • Modern slavery

  • Natural Hazards

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33

How does the point based system work?

  • Refugees can earn points based on how desirable their skills are for their labour shortages

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34

What is bilateral migration?

Migration between 2 countries

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35

Why is bilateral migration ideal?

  • Costs of travel are lower due to proximity

  • ease of access

  • often similar languages due to colonial influence

  • wage differences

  • communities and networks may already be established by previous migrants

  • migration policy may be kinder

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