Studied by 1 person
What is a refugee?
People who move out of a country due to fear of persecution or death
What is an asylum seeker?
A person who seeks entry to another country by claiming to be a refugee
What 6 topics does migration affect?
Demographic
Culture
Economic
Social
Environmental
Political
What is the equation for population change?
PC = (Births-Deaths) ± migration
What is a long term migrant?
Someone who moves for longer than a year
What is a short term migrant?
Someone who moves from 3 months to 1 year
Why are migration figures estimates?
Due to undocumented and illegal immigration
What is net migration?
The difference between immigration and emigration
Can be positive or negative
What was UK net migration in 2014?
net gain of 318,000
What is immigration?
People moving into a country
What is emigration?
People moving out of a country
In 2013 how many UK born people lived abroad and why?
5.1 million
Retirement
Employment
Family reuinifcation
What are INTER regional flows?
From one region to another
For example people from Asia going to Europe
Often involves trafficking and is a major safety concern for border control and UN refugee agency
What are INTRA regional flows?
From areas within the same region
For example many Eastern Europeans often migrate west due to higher wages and most are working age
2013 660,000 Poles in UK
What are push factors?
Factors which are negative that happen making a person want to migrate
What are pull factors?
Advantages of a destination that attract migrants to the area
What 4 factors are obstacles to migration?
Costs
Physical barriers
Climate factors
Health
How do migrant remittances affect a country?
Countries with higher GDP remittances are a lower proportion as they are more advanced and don’t rely on them as a source of economy
Countries with a lower GDP remittances are often a higher proportion as they are less advanced and rely on them for the economy
However low GDP places like sub-Saharan Africa receive low amounts remittances due to immigration policies and travel costs
How does global migration promote stability?
Migrant remittances are a source of foreign exchange
Returning migrants have new ideas and values that contribute to peacebuilding and conflict resolution
Youthful migrants can contribute to a balanced age structure
How does global migration promote economic growth?
GDP and tax can be boosted by migrants
Migrants can stimulate economy and open up new business in gaps in the market
Remittances can stimulate the multiplier effect
How does global migration promote development?
Skills and knowledge can benefit country of origin
Migrants create networks which eases the flow of skills and finance through diaspora
How does global migration cause inequality?
Country of origin often loses young labour force
Better educated people migrate for better pay and opportunity
Changes in birth rate
Migrant remittances can cause inequality between families
How does global migration cause conflicts?
Social conflict between ‘newcomers’ of different ethnicity and culture
Immigration populations can place pressure on services
International borders are areas of conflict between border control, traffickers, illegal immigrants
How does global migration cause Injustice?
Migrants are vulnerable to violations of human rights because of trafficking/forced labour
Treatment of asylum seekers in detention centres and living conditions
Refugees may find it hard to access medication, safety, food
Which two corridors of migration are most dominant?
South to North
South to South
What are two examples of INTER regional migration?
Highly skilled workers from China, India to USA in maths science and technology attracted by quality of life and high salaries
Workers from India, Pakistan to Saudi Arabia for oil production attracted by demand for labour, higher wages and ease of returning remittances
What are two examples of INTRA regional migration?
Migrants from ASEAN states such as Laos, Myanmar to Thailand attracted by higher wages even though they are undocumented and higher socio-economic development
Migrants within South America further south to Chile, Argentina for labour opportunities
How is a younger workforce affected by migration?
Greater employment opportunities and higher wages
Demand for workers in oil producing middle east
High proportions in construction
Most are low skilled and not educated beyond primary level
How are female migrants affected by migration?
Recently women and girl migrants have increased
2013 52% migrants in developed countries were female
Europe, Latin America has higher numbers of female migrants than males
Why is the South-South migration corridor popular?
There are restrictive barriers from south north so south south is easier
Fast growing southern economies mean migration is attractive
High costs to go north
The Myanmar to Thailand corridor
Largest ASEAN migrant corridor
1.9 mil migrants
Myanmar is attracted due to economic growth of Thailand
Minimum wage of 300 baht is 10 times Myanmar
Reasons for large numbers of refugees
Conflict, safety
Political persecution, violation of human rights
Modern slavery
Natural Hazards
How does the point based system work?
Refugees can earn points based on how desirable their skills are for their labour shortages
What is bilateral migration?
Migration between 2 countries
Why is bilateral migration ideal?
Costs of travel are lower due to proximity
ease of access
often similar languages due to colonial influence
wage differences
communities and networks may already be established by previous migrants
migration policy may be kinder
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