Apush unit 3B - chapters 12-14

Textbook vocab!

corrupt bargain

It was the deal (myth) between John Quincy Adams and Henry clay (in the house) to throw the election to move it to the house in Adams’ favor. Not proven, but increased support for Andrew Jackson as he had the popular vote.

spoils system

Policy started with Andrew Jackson. Supporters of the political party were granted gov positions and benefits. “bribery”

Tariff of Abominations

High duties on imports. Southerners opposed the tariff, as it hurt the farmers and only benefited the manufacturing North. Didn’t care about protection, hated the higher prices :(

Nullification Crisis

Argument b/t President Andrew Jackson and the South Caro gov. South Caro declared the 1832 tariff void in the state and threatened to cede if not respected.

Resolution: Compromise Tariff of 1833 by Henry Clay. Gradually lowered the tariffs over a period of 10 years.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Proposed by Henry Clay to resolve the Nullification Crisis in South Caro, and gradually lowered the tariffs over a period of 10 years.

Force Bill

Passed by Congress alongside the compromise Tariff of 1833, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties.

Black Hawk War

Series of fights in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act.

Bank War

Battle b/t President Andrew Jackson and supporters of the BUS over the bank’s renewal. Jackson vetoed the bank bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers (no renewal).

Anti-Masonic party

Campaigned against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Pet Banks

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.

Specie Circular

Decree from the U.S. Treasury. Must buy public land w/ hard/metallic money! Due to flooding of market w/ paper money that fueled land speculation :(

Panic of 1837

Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson’s efforts to end overspeculation on western lands and transportation improvements.

In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the “Divorce Bill,” which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, tightening the credit supply.

Alamo + Goliad

Posts in TX where battles for Texas independence from Mexico were fought. Both Great losses. Led to increased US support of TX independence.

Battle of San Jacinto

Last battle for TX independence. The capture of Mexican dictator Santa Anna, who was forced to withdraw his troops from Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as Texas’s southwestern border.

“Self-Reliance”

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830s and 1840s.

rendezvous

The principal marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts.

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Irish semisecret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States.

The “Haters”

Molly Maguires

Secret organization of Irish miners who campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.

Tammany Hall

Powerful New York political machine that primarily drew support from the city’s immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services.

Awful Disclosures

Maria Monk’s sensational exposé of alleged horrors in Catholic convents. Its popularity reflected nativist fears of Catholic influence.

Know-Nothing party

Nativist political party, also known as the American party, that emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.

cotton gin

Eli Whitney’s invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The gin made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.

Patent Office

Gave legal recognition of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years.

limited liability

Legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of their individual shares.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions.

cult of domesticity

Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.

McCormick reaper

Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest.

turnpike

Privately funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce.

Erie Canal

New York State canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest.

clipper ships

Small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade. Clipper ships were made largely obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War.

Pony Express

Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely placed outposts.

The Age of Reason

Thomas Paine’s anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire “power and profit” and to “enslave mankind.”

Deism

Eighteenth-century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most Deists rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Mormons

Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Mormons, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert.

lyceum

(From the Greek name for the ancient Athenian school where Aristotle taught.) Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy. Part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-nineteenth century.

American Temperance Society

Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine’s lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

Woman’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her “Declaration of Sentiments,” stating that “all men and women are created equal.”

New Harmony

Communal society established in Indiana, by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years.

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846.

Oneida Community

One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated “free love,” birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.

Shakers

Called “Shakers” for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, the Shakers counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out.

Federal Style

Early national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint. Famous builders associated with this style included Charles Bulfinch and Benjamin Latrobe.

Greek Revival

Inspired by the contemporary Greek independence movement, this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular.

Hudson River school

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

minstrel shows

Variety shows performed by white actors in blackface. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century.

romanticism

Early nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that, in reaction to the hyper-rational Enlightenment, emphasized imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation, and the self over society.

transcendentalism

Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an “inner light” that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God.

“The American Scholar”

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions.

Chapter 12 Presidents

• John Quincy Adams: (1767-1848) Son of second president John Adams + 6th president of the United States. Advocate of national finance and improvement, faced opposition from states’ rights advocates in the South and West. "corrupt bargain"

• Andrew Jackson: (1767-1845) War hero, congressman, and 7th president of the United States. A Democrat advocating white manhood suffrage and cementing party loyalties through the spoils system. As president, he dismantled the BUS, asserted federal supremacy in the nullification crisis, and did Indian removal in the South.

• Martin Van Buren: (1782-1862) Jacksonian Democrat who became the 8th president of the United States after serving as vice president during Andrew Jackson’s second term. The Panic of 1837, clung to Jackson’s monetary policies and rejected federal intervention in the economy.

• William Henry Harrison: (1773-1841) Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe and 9th president. Harrison, a Whig, won the 1840 election on a "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign, which played up his credentials as a backwoods westerner and Indian fighter. Harrison died of pneumonia just four weeks after his inauguration.

Chapter 12 Gov. Officials

• John C. Calhoun: (1782-1850) Vice president under Andrew Jackson, Calhoun became a U.S. senator. supporter of states’ rights, Calhoun advocated South Carolina’s position during the nullification crisis. defended slavery, accusing free-state northerners of conspiring to free the slaves.

• Nicholas Biddle: (1786-1844) Banker, financier, and president of the Second BUS until the bank’s charter expired in 1836.

• Daniel Webster: (1782-1852) Secretary of state, teamed up with Henry Clay in the Bank War against Andrew Jackson in 1832. opposed the annexation of Texas but later urged the North to support the Compromise of 1850.

• Henry Clay: (1777-1852) Secretary of state and U.S. senator the "Great Compromiser," helped to negotiate the Missouri Compromise in 1820, the Compromise Tariff of 1833, and the Compromise of 1850. As a National Republican, later Whig, Clay advocated internal improvements and protective tariffs, known as the American System.

• Sam Houston: (1793-1863) President of the republic of Texas and U.S. senator, Houston led Texas to independence in 1836 as commander in chief of the Texas army. As president of the republic, Houston unsuccessfully sought annexation into the United States. Once Texas officially joined the Union in 1845, Houston was elected to the U.S. Senate, later returning to serve as governor of Texas until 1861

• Santa Anna: (1794-1876) Mexican general, president, and dictator who opposed Texas’s independence and later led the Mexican army in the war against the United States.

Chapter 12 People wanting change:

• Denmark Vesey: (ca. 1767-1822) Free black who planned an aborted slave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822 (got caught)

• Black Hawk: (1767-1838) Sauk war chief who led the Sauk and Fox resistance against eviction under the Indian Removal Act in Illinois and Wisconsin. Brutally crushed by American forces, he surrendered in 1832

• Stephen Austin: (1793-1836) American who established the first major Anglo settlements in Texas under an agreement with the Mexican government. Though loyal to Mexico, Austin advocated for local Texans’ rights, particularly the right to bring slaves into the region. Briefly imprisoned by Santa Anna for inciting rebellion, Austin returned to Texas in 1836 to serve as secretary of state of the newly independent republic until his death later that year.

Chapter 13 people: INVENTORS

• Samuel Slater: Creator of factory system + established textile mills

• Eli Whitney- Cotton Gin + Interchangeable parts.

• Elias Howe- Sewing Machine

• Issac Singer- better sewing machine

• Samuel F. B. Morse- telegraph + telegraphic code

• John Deere- Steel Plow

• Cyrus McCormick- McCormick mower-reaper (horse drawn)

• Robert Fulton: steamboat

• DeWitt Clinton- promoter of Erie Canal

• Cyrus Field- promoter of transatlantic cable

• John Jacob Astor- fur trader + speculator that was rich. 

Chapter 14: Religious leaders

• Peter Cartwright: Methodist revivalist against slavery + alcohol

• Charles Grandison Finney: Revival preacher in 2nd Great Awake. Mass camp meetings, temperance + abolition support. Support women in a greater role.

• Joseph Smith- Founder of Mormon church/LDS

  • Brigham Young- replacement. Moved mormon followers to UTAH

Chapter 14 authors/scholars

• John J Audubon: Birds of America

• Stephen C. Foster- folk composer w/ african rhythms.

• James F Cooper- The Last of the Mohicans

  • Part of the Knickerbocker group.

• Ralph W Emerson- Self-Reliance

• Henry D Thoreau- Walden:Or Life in the Woods (civil disobedience)

• Walt Whitman- Leaves of Grass (democracy)

• Henry W Longfellow- poet + harvard professor

• Louisa May Alcott- Little Women

• Emily Dickinson- Poetry, refused to publish.

• Edgar Allen Poe- The Fall of the House of User (sensibility)

• Nathaniel Hawthorne- The Scarlet Letter (psychological effects of sin)

• Herman Melville- Moby Dick 

• Francis Parkman- struggles b/t Britain + France vs North America.

Chapter 14 Advocates

• Horace Mann- Public Education

• Dorothea Dix- Mental health reform

• Neal S. Dow- Maine Law 1851 (no manufacture or sale of alcohol)

• Robert Owen- founder of New Harmony

Womens Rights:

• Lucretia Mott- Women's rights + Seneca falls

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton- Women's rights + Seneca falls

• Susan B Anthony- temperance, abolitionists, and women’s rights.

• Lucy Stone- abolitionist, suffrage, + women’s rights. (keep last name after wed)

• Amelia Bloomer- activist + bloomers