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27 Terms

1

Why is t used instead of z?

t should be used instead of z when the population standard deviation (ฯƒ) is not known.

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2

When is a single-sample t-test appropriate?

A single-sample t-test is appropriate when there is a single sample of subjects providing one score, and the research questions about the population value compared to a known value.

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3

What distinguishes the t distribution from the z distribution?

The t distribution is based on many distributions and has more variability than the normal distribution used for z, which is why critical values for t are different.

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4

What does df stand for?

df stands for degrees of freedom.

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5

How is df calculated for a single-sample design?

For a single-sample design, df equals n โ€“ 1.

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6

What is Cohen's d?

Cohen's d is a measure of effect size that shows how much effect a treatment has.

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7

What assumptions must be true for a single-sample t-test?

  1. Subjects must be randomly sampled. 2. All scores must be independent. 3. The population must be normally distributed or n must be greater than 30.

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8

What is pooled variance?

Pooled variance is a statistic that combines the variance of two samples together to provide a more reliable estimate.

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9

What must be true for an independent-samples t-test?

  1. Subjects must be randomly sampled. 2. All scores must be independent. 3. Two populations must be normally distributed or n1 + n2 > 40. 4. The two populations must have equal variances.

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10

What is estimated standard error (s(M1 โ€“ M2))?

Estimated standard error indicates the typical distance between the difference of two sample means (M1 โ€“ M2) and the difference of their population means (ฮผ1 โ€“ ฮผ2).

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11

What is a related-samples t-test?

A related-samples t-test is used when one sample of subjects provides two scores to analyze if the two population means are different.

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12

What assumptions must be true for a related-samples t-test?

  1. Subjects must be randomly sampled. 2. All difference scores must be independent. 3. The population must be normally distributed or n must be greater than 30.

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13

What is standard error in relation to population means?

Standard error indicates the typical distance between a population mean (ฮผ) and the mean of a sample (M) drawn from that population.

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14

What does an interval estimate do?

An interval estimate provides a range of values within which the population parameter is thought to lie.

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15

What is the conventional level of confidence for an interval estimate?

The conventional level of confidence is 95%.

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16

What does '95% confidence' signify?

It signifies that if multiple samples are taken, 95% of the confidence intervals calculated will contain the actual population mean.

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17

What is the purpose of ANOVA?

ANOVA is used to determine if there are significant differences among two or more population/treatment means.

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18

What does it mean when ANOVA results are significant?

Significant results indicate that the differences between means are unlikely to have occurred by chance.

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19

What should be done if the null hypothesis is rejected in ANOVA?

Further analyses, like posttests, should be performed to identify which means differ.

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20

How is effect size measured in ANOVA?

Effect size is measured using eta squared (ฮท2 = SSbetween / SStotal).

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21

What does ฮท2 indicate?

ฮท2 indicates how much of the variability in the dependent variable is accounted for by differences between treatments.

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22

What are the conventional values for ฮท2 interpretation?

ฮท2 values of .01, .09, and .25 correspond to small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively.

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23

What does MS between measure?

MS between measures the variance among group means.

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24

What does MS within measure?

MS within measures the variance within groups.

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25

Why is the F-ratio considered a ratio?

The F-ratio is considered a ratio because it is the ratio of the two mean squares (MSs).

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26

How does the spread between group means affect SSbetween?

As group means get farther apart, SSbetween increases.

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27

How does MSwithin change with score variability?

MSwithin increases as scores within groups become more spread out.

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