Regulation and Abnormal Carbohydrate Metabolism

A collection of vocabulary terms and their definitions related to the lecture on carbohydrate metabolism and its regulation.

What is the process by which the body converts carbohydrates into energy?
A) Glycogenolysis
B) Carbohydrate Metabolism
C) Gluconeogenesis
D) Glycogenesis

B) Carbohydrate Metabolism

Which process involves the formation of glycogen from glucose, primarily in the liver and muscles?
A) Glycogenesis
B) Lipolysis
C) Glycolysis
D) Gluconeogenesis

A) Glycogenesis

What is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, which occurs during fasting?
A) Gluconeogenesis
B) Glycogenesis
C) Glycogenolysis
D) Glycolysis

C) Glycogenolysis

Which process describes the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors?
A) Lipogenesis
B) Gluconeogenesis
C) Glycogenesis
D) Glycolysis

B) Gluconeogenesis

What is the process of producing ketone bodies from fatty acids during prolonged fasting?
A) Ketogenesis
B) Lipolysis
C) Glycogenolysis
D) Lipogenesis

A) Ketogenesis

What are abnormally low blood sugar levels, typically below 70 \text{ mg/dl}?
A) Hyperglycemia
B) Glucosuria
C) Ketonuria
D) Hypoglycemia

D) Hypoglycemia

What are abnormally high blood sugar levels, typically above 180 \text{ mg/dl}?
A) Hypoglycemia
B) Hyperglycemia
C) Galactosemia
D) Ketosis

B) Hyperglycemia

Which hormone produced by the pancreas lowers blood sugar levels?
A) Glucagon
B) Cortisol
C) Epinephrine
D) Insulin

D) Insulin

Which hormone produced by the pancreas raises blood sugar levels?
A) Glucagon
B) Somatostatin
C) Insulin
D) Thyroxine

A) Glucagon

Which hormone stimulates growth and increases blood sugar levels?
A) Insulin
B) Leptin
C) Growth Hormone
D) Melatonin

C) Growth Hormone

What is the metabolic process of synthesizing lipids (fats) from carbohydrates?
A) Lipolysis
B) Ketosis
C) Glycogenesis
D) Lipogenesis

D) Lipogenesis

What process involves the breakdown of lipids to release fatty acids?
A) Lipolysis
B) Lipogenesis
C) Gluconeogenesis
D) Glycolysis

A) Lipolysis

What is the condition of not eating for a period, which affects metabolism?
A) Satiety
B) Ketosis
C) Fasting
D) Starvation

C) Fasting

What is a prolonged state of fasting leading to physiological adaptations?
A) Lipogenesis
B) Starvation
C) Hyperglycemia
D) Fasting

B) Starvation

What is the process of degrading body tissues, often occurring in catabolic states?
A) Tissue Breakdown
B) Anabolism
C) Tissue Synthesis
D) Mitosis

A) Tissue Breakdown

Which group of diseases results in high blood sugar levels?
A) Hypotension
B) Diabetes Mellitus
C) Galactosemia
D) Hypoglycemia

B) Diabetes Mellitus

Which condition is an autoimmune disorder resulting in the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells?
A) Type 2 Diabetes
B) Galactosemia
C) Gestational Diabetes
D) Type 1 Diabetes

D) Type 1 Diabetes

What metabolic disorder is characterized by insulin resistance and eventual insulin deficiency?
A) Fructose Intolerance
B) Type 2 Diabetes
C) GSD
D) Type 1 Diabetes

B) Type 2 Diabetes

What metabolic state is characterized by increased ketone bodies in the blood?
A) Hyperglycemia
B) Lipolysis
C) Ketosis
D) Glycogenesis

C) Ketosis

What is the term for the presence of ketones in the blood, often due to fasting or uncontrolled diabetes?
A) Glucosuria
B) Ketonemia
C) Ketonuria
D) Galactosemia

B) Ketonemia

Which dangerous condition results from ketosis and leads to low blood pH?
A) Hyperinsulinemia
B) Alkalosis
C) Hyperglycemia
D) Ketoacidosis

D) Ketoacidosis

What are genetic disorders that result in metabolic dysfunction?
A) Renal Threshold Errors
B) Inborn Errors of Metabolism
C) Diabetes Mellitus
D) Secondary Diabetes

B) Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Which group of disorders results from defects in glycogen metabolism?
A) Galactosemia
B) Fructose Intolerance
C) Type 1 Diabetes
D) Glycogen Storage Disease

D) Glycogen Storage Disease

Which inherited condition affects the metabolism of galactose?
A) Galactosemia
B) Glucose Intolerance
C) Fructose Intolerance
D) Glycogen Storage Disease

A) Galactosemia

What is an inability to metabolize fructose, leading to potential toxicity?
A) Hypoglycemia
B) Type 2 Diabetes
C) Fructose Intolerance
D) Galactosemia

C) Fructose Intolerance

What is a prediabetic state of hyperglycemia that is not high enough to be classified as diabetes?
A) Impaired Glucose Tolerance
B) Hypoglycemia
C) Ketosis
D) Type 1 Diabetes

A) Impaired Glucose Tolerance

What are normal blood glucose levels two hours after a meal?
A) < 180 \text{ mg/dl}
B) < 140 \text{ mg/dl}
C) < 200 \text{ mg/dl}
D) < 100 \text{ mg/dl}

B) < 140 \text{ mg/dl}

What substance is released when insulin is produced and used to measure insulin levels?
A) C-peptide
B) Glucagon
C) Proinsulin
D) Ketones

A) C-peptide

How can amino acids serve as an energy source during fasting?
A) Conversion to lipids
B) Direct oxidation in muscle
C) Conversion to glucose via gluconeogenesis
D) Conversion to glycogen

C) Conversion to glucose via gluconeogenesis

What is the breakdown of fatty acids to generate energy, particularly in fasting states?
A) Glycogenesis
B) Ketosis
C) Lipogenesis
D) Fatty Acid Oxidation

D) Fatty Acid Oxidation

What is a lack of specific enzymes needed for proper metabolism called?
A) Hormone Resistance
B) Inborn Immunity
C) Metabolic Enzyme Deficiency
D) Fasting Response

C) Metabolic Enzyme Deficiency

What regulates various metabolic processes including glucose, fat, and protein metabolism?
A) Vitamins
B) Minerals
C) Water Intake
D) Role of Hormones in Metabolism

D) Role of Hormones in Metabolism

What is the normal fasting blood glucose range?
A) 50-80 \text{ mg/dl}
B) 110-150 \text{ mg/dl}
C) 140-180 \text{ mg/dl}
D) 70-110 \text{ mg/dl}

D) 70-110 \text{ mg/dl}

What is the blood glucose level at which glucose begins to appear in urine?
A) 160 \text{ mg/dl}
B) 180 \text{ mg/dl}
C) 220 \text{ mg/dl}
D) 140 \text{ mg/dl}

B) 180 \text{ mg/dl}

Which process involves increased energy expenditure and altered metabolism during trauma?
A) Anabolic Recovery
B) Glycogenesis
C) Tissue Response to Catabolic Stress
D) Ketosis

C) Tissue Response to Catabolic Stress

Which type of diabetes is due to other conditions or medications?
A) Secondary Diabetes
B) Primary Diabetes
C) Type 1 Diabetes
D) Type 2 Diabetes

A) Secondary Diabetes