Science Bowl Study (BIO UNIT 1-4)

Lumen

The space inside the hollow tubules in the ER

Transitional ER

Smooth patches on the RER where vesicles bud off

Cis face

Receiving side of the Golgi

Phagocytosis

The process by which a cell engulfs solid particles, such as bacteria or dead cell debris, to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome.

Peroxisomes

houses enzymes involved in oxidation produces hydrogen perioxide (H2O2) as a by product

Endosymbiont Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts likely began as bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells

Cristae

inward protrusions called blank in the mitochondria

Micelle

small single layered sphere

Middle Lamella

Sticky layer that helps hold the cell walls of adjacent plant cells together

Pinocytosis

Form of endocytosis where a cell takes in small amounts of extracellular liquid. (Material then held in small vesicles)

Gibs free energy

Amount of available energy of a substance that can be used in a chemical transformation or reaction. thermodynamic potential that’s minimized

meniscus

The curved surface formed by a liquid in a cylinder or tube is called a

Cations and anions

Cations when they lose an electron and anions when they gain an electron

London dispersion forces

weak attractions between molecules. However, unlike hydrogen bonds, they can occur between atoms or molecules of any kind, and they depend on temporary imbalances in electron distribution.

van der Waals forces

general term for intermolecular interactions that do not involve covalent bonds or ions.

Monosaccharides

simple sugar like gluclose

stereoisomers

their atoms are bonded together in the same order, but they have a different 3D organization

purines

Adenine and guanine are blank, meaning that their structures contain two fused carbon-nitrogen

pyrimidines

have a single carbon-nitrogen ring

ribozymes

RNAs that act as enzymes

liposome

a hollow droplet of bilayer membrane

Regulatory molecules

Enzyme activity may be turned "up" or "down" by activator and inhibitor molecules that bind specifically to the enzyme.

Allosteric regulation

broadly speaking, is just any form of regulation where the regulatory molecule (an activator or inhibitor) binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site.

Michaelis-Menten equation

the rate equation for a one-substrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction

The First Law of Thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form or be transferred from one object to another.

The second Law of Thermodynamics

Heat increases the randomness of the universe

anabolic

"building up

catabolic

breaking down

oxidative phosphorylation

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

facultative anaerobes

meaning they can switch between aerobic respiration and anaerobic pathways

obligate anaerobes

they can live and grow only in the absence of oxygen

ligands

a general term for molecules that bind specifically to other molecules

paracrine signaling

in which cells communicate over relatively short distances, also locally

synaptic signaling

type of paracrine signaling. it’s used between neurontransmitters

autocrine signaling

releasing a ligand that binds to receptors on its own surface

endocrine signaling

When cells need to transmit signals over long distances, they often use the circulatory system as a distribution network for the messages they send (hormones)

biofilms

surface-attached communities of bacterial cells

plasmodesmata

places where a hole is punched in the cell wall to allow direct cytoplasmic exchange between two cells

desmosomes

act like spot welds between adjacent epithelial cells

Cadherins

specialized adhesion proteins, are found on the membranes of both cells and interact in the space between them, holding the membranes together.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs

are a large family of cell surface receptors that share a common structure and method of signaling

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

a receptor tyrosine kinase transfers phosphate groups specifically to the amino acid tyrosine.

phosphorylation

is the addition of a phosphate group to one or more sites on the protein

Transcription

makes an RNA transcript (copy) of a gene's DNA sequence.

Translation

reads information from the RNA and uses it to make a protein.

apoptosis

allows a cell to die in a controlled manner that prevents the release of potentially damaging molecules from inside the cell.

Separase

chops up the cohesin that holds sister chromatids together, allowing them to separate.

cohesin

the protein glue that holds sister chromatids together

Securin

normally binds to, and inactivates, a protein called separase.