human ap midterm chapter 4-5

The enzyme catalase acts on the substrate

 

hydrogen peroxide.

Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of RNA but not DNA?

Uracil

ATP is important to cellular processes because it

 

provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken.

Codons are part of

mRNA

Which of the following is not true regarding RNA?

 

It is double-stranded.

A molecule that carries energy in a form the cell can use is

ATP

The metabolome includes

 

all of the small molecules that are part of metabolism.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes?

 

They are most active at temperatures about 53 degrees C.

An important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways under physiological conditions is

 

negative feedback.

During DNA replication,

 

the DNA double helix comes apart where hydrogen bonds join base pairs, and new nucleotides are brought in, forming two double helices

A sequence of DNA 333 nucleotides long that is part of a gene encodes ___ amino acids.

111

In cellular respiration,

 

energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules.

When a sucrose molecule is decomposed to yield a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule

 

water molecule is used.

What is the function of ATP molecules in living cells?

 

They hold energy from the oxidation of fuels in their high-energy phosphate bonds, and the energy is used in various cell processes.

Dehydration synthesis reactions _____, whereas hydrolysis reactions _____.

 

lose H₂O to form bonds; use H₂O to break bonds

The name of an enzyme ends in

 

-ase.

Aerobic respiration

 

requires oxygen.

One reason that protein synthesis is important is that

 

enzymes are proteins and enzymes are essential to metabolism.

Transcription and translation differ in that

 

transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein.

How many codons specify the twenty types of amino acids?

61

In dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate,

 

monosaccharides join.

Which of the following substances increases in abundance during cellular respiration?

ATP

"Metabolism" refers to

 

all of the chemical reactions in a cell.

A molecule that is common to carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways and connects these two pathways metabolically is

 

acetyl coenzyme A.

A mutation can cause disease if

 

the DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that affects the encoded protein's functioning.

Copying DNA information into an mRNA molecule is called

transcription

Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of DNA but not RNA?

Thymine

A cofactor is ______ and examples are _____.

 

a necessary part of some enzymes; copper, iron, and zinc

The reactions of anaerobic respiration take place in the

cytoplasm

Anaerobic respiration

 

all of the answer choices are correct

 

breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules.

 

occurs in the absence of oxygen.

 

transfers energy to ATP molecules

 

releases energy

all

A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes an mRNA of sequence

UUGCCACGUGGUGCC

DNA, RNA, and protein molecules can carry information because

 

they consist of sequences of building blocks.

Arsenic poisoning harms the body by

 

interfering with cellular extraction of energy from glucose.

Synthesis of a protein stops when

 

any of three "stop" codons are encountered in the mRNA.

A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules in

glycolysis

In the DNA damage response

 

repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in DNA.

Three factors that increase the rates of enzyme-controlled reactions are the

 

number of enzyme molecules, number of substrate molecules, and efficiency of the enzyme.

The basic steps of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are:

 

substrate and enzyme combine, forming an E-S complex. The reaction occurs, products are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled.

Oxidation during cellular respiration differs from burning in that respiration

 

uses enzymes to lower the activation energy.

A chaperone protein

 

helps a protein to fold.

The genome sequences of different individuals are

 

about 99.9% alike

Which of the following is true?

 

Much of the genome does not encode protein.

A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes a portion of a protein of sequence

 

leu-pro-arg-gly-ala

DNA profiling

 

compares the most variable parts of the genome for a variety of applications.

An example of an anabolic reaction is

 

many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen.

An enzyme is

 

a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.

Catabolism refers to

 

breakdown of large molecules.

A mutation is

 

a change in a DNA sequence in less than 1% of a population that affects anatomy and/or physiology.

The genetic code is

 

the correspondence between a DNA nucleotide and an RNA nucleotide.

A peptide bond forms between

 

adjacent amino acids held on a ribosome and bound to tRNAs.

Catabolism refers to

 

breakdown of large molecules.

Energy is defined as

 

the capacity of matter to change.

Which of the following best describes the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate?

 

Part of the enzyme temporarily binds part of the substrate molecule.

DNA replication occurs

 

during interphase of the cell cycle.

MicroRNAs

 

regulate transcription of several genes.

 

are 21 or 22 bases long.

 

are noncoding RNAs.

 

control gene expression.

 

are all of the above

all

If one strand of DNA has the sequence TCAGGCTATTCCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is

AGTCCGATAAGGGC

Which choice lists structures in order of increasing size?

 

nitrogenous base - nucleotide - gene - chromosome - genome

Anaerobic respiration occurs in _____, whereas aerobic respiration occurs in ______.

 

cytoplasm without O₂ required; mitochondria with O₂ required

Which of the following is an example of catabolism?

 

The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.

In the citric acid cycle

2 ATP molecules are formed.

 

 

 

Which of the following is not one of the four basic types of body tissues?

eye tissue

Epithelial membranes are typically composed of

 

epithelium and underlying connective tissue.

Which type of tissue lines the follicles of the thyroid glands?

 

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A carcinoma is a cancer originating from

epithelium

Areolar tissue contains

 

collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substance.

Involuntary muscles are

 

smooth and cardiac.

Collagen is a major component of

 

bone.

 

tendon.

 

connective tissue.

 

all of the above.

 

ligament.

all of the above

Epithelial tissue functions in

 

secretion, absorption, and protection.

Elastic connective tissue forms

 

branching networks or parallel strands.

Which of the following is not true about the extracellular matrix?

 

It is the same in all tissues.

The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and many of the urinary passageways is

transitional

The antihistamine Benadryl has a sedative effect, but the antihistamine Zyrtec does not, because

 

Benadryl crosses the blood-brain barrier but Zyrtec does not.

A _______ membrane has tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body.

mucous

A ______ gland does not branch before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part.

simple

Neurons can send messages to

 

other neurons, glands, and muscles.

The blood-brain barrier consists of

 

capillaries whose cells are firmly attached by overlapping tight junctions surrounded by astrocytes.

Which of the following are cellular fragments?

 

Blood platelets.

A basement membrane anchors

 

epithelial to connective tissue.

About 90% of all cancers originate from

epithelium

A _______ gland branches repeatedly before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part.

compound

Muscle tissue that can be consciously controlled is

skeletal

Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of the

eyeball.

 

intestine.

 

urinary bladder.

 

none of the above

 

stomach.

none

Embryonic stem cells growing in a lab dish are bathed in a "cocktail" of chemicals that cause them to specialize into branching networks of single-nucleated cells that pulsate in unison. This tissue is most likely

 

cardiac muscle.

Histology is the study of

tissues

Cells that reside in a specific connective tissue type for an extended period of time are called

 

fixed cells.

An engineered tissue might include

 

all of the above.

 

a scaffold built of synthetic materials.

 

progenitor cells.

 

extracellular matrix components

 

stem cells.

all

Cartilage heals slowly because

 

chondrocytes do not have direct blood supplies.

The type of intercellular junction that consists of fused membranes is a

 

tight junction.

Adipose tissue is a form of

 

connective tissue.

Extracellular matrix consists of

 

ground substance and protein fibers.

The type of epithelium that secretes into ducts that open onto surfaces like skin or into body fluids is

 

glandular epithelium

The type of muscle in blood vessels is

smooth

Smooth muscle is found in the wall of

 

the stomach and intestine.

Intercellular junctions connect

 

cell membranes.

Mutations usually disrupt collagen's function because

 

collagen has a very precise structure.

Bone tissue contains abundant

collagen

Which of the following is not a characteristic of nervous tissue?

 

Its intercellular space is filled with collagen.

The type of intercellular junction that functions as a rivet or "spot weld" is a(n)

desmosome

Bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called

 

central canals.

"Cutaneous membrane" refers to

skin