APES Unit 1

combo of all quizlets given

Ecosystem Structure

abiotic

Abiotic Factors

Non-living thing

Ex: Waters

soils

Biotic Fctors

Living things

Ex: Grasses

elephants

Levels of organization

Primary Producers

Organism

An individual living thing that can react to stimuli

Species

A group of living organisms of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes.

Population

How many of one species of an organism.

Ex:Deer(how much of a deer is an organism in a population)

Community

Living things in an community. Groups of different species living together in a particular place with a potential for interacting with one another.

Example:Deer

Ecosystem

Living and non-living things

Example: Rock

deer

Roles in an ecosystem

Niches- specialist vs generalist

R vs K Selected Species

Keystone species

Niches(Specialist vs Generalist)

Each species occupies a niche in the community.

A niche is the role that species play and includes the type of food it eats

where it lives

Generalist

Can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources. (Heterotroph)

Specialist

Only can range in few environments and has a limited diet.

R Species

-Many

-Little or no parental care

-Massive deaths of offspring

-Insects

bacteria

K-Species

Reproduce later in life

-Few offspring with long life spans

-Long time to maturity

-Mother puts in a high amount of energy earing for young.

-Apes

Elephants

Keystone Species

A species that plays an important role in allowing the rest of the ecosystem to function.

*If you remove an organism from a ecosystem

the ecosystem will collapse.*

Invasive Species

A species that was not originally a part of an ecosystem

Ex: Species coming and adapting to a new envrionment.

Endangered Species

A species of an animal or plant that will become extinct.

Foundation Species

A species eho activities changes in the habitat.

Ex: Beaver creating new dams in the river.

Interactions b/w species

Competition

Mutualism

Both species benefit from each other.

Competition

Neither organisms is happy about this

Parasitism/Predation

Other benefits

Parasitism

An interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism.

-Acts like a host(pathogen)=Cast diseases in their host= Bacteria

fungi

Predation

When one prey attacks other animal and eats them.

-A way to avoid predators

animals camoflouge

Indicator Species

Some species are sensitive to environmental change

Ex:If a frog is in a forest it means that it is healthy

Biodiversity

Why is it valuable? Makes the ecosystem stronger. The richer it is

Species diversity: The # of different types of species in an ecosystem.

Genetic Diversity: The variety of genetic diversity held within a species.

Species richness: The # of species

Species Eveness: The relative # of species

Edge effect(ecotone)- BIOLOGY

Edge b/w 2 types of habitat.

Habitat fragmentation- BIOLOGY

Cutting a habitat in half

Ex: Roads to the forest

Flow of energy

10% rule

10%rule

As you go up

-On average pnly 10% of the energy from a lower level makes it to the level above.

Biomass

The mass of the living thing

Photosynthesis and Respiration

Photosynthesis: Plants get their energy from the sun.

Respiration: Humans breathe in CO2 and we breathe it out.

Trophic Levels

Energy Level(All energy comes from the Sun)

-Food Chain: Primary producers

Primary consumers

Food web structure

A web included with predators and preys….

Biomagnification

Toxic substances become increasingly concentrated withn living organisms as they move up each step of the food chain.

*The more you go up the food chain

the more toxins you have in your body.*

Evolution and Natural Selection

How does it work? As evolution happens

Evolution

Over a lon.g period of time

Natural Selection

This is the way natural selection happens. Organisms with traits that make them more successful end up having more offspring

Ecosystem Services

a) What products do we get from the healthy ecosystem?

b) What life functions we get from the healthy ecosystem?

What products do we get from the healthy ecosystem?

Natural resources

What life functions do we get from the healthy ecosystem?

Oxygen

Long Term Change

Ecological Succession

Ecological Succession

A process of ecosystem recovering

Primary Succession

Occurs when the ecosystem must start from bare rock. (From scratch)

Ex:like a volcano erupts on a land(Pompeii)

Secondary Succession

Occurs when there is a disturbance that leaves some biotic factors behind.

Ex: Fire leaves some plants alive and from that natural rescource

certain factors can start to adapt.

Pioneer species

First species to colonize after a disruptive ecosystem.

Ex: Volcano erupt

magma covers everything. First plant to grow

Climax Community

Fully recover ecosystem

Scientific Method

Observe

Natural Experiments

The effect on the enviornment

Natural experiments example

A tsunami hitting an island

Controlled experiment

One variable is changed and studied

Environmental stress examples

Food production

Sustainability

Developement that balances human well-being and economic advancement with recourses for the future generations

Ecological Footsprints

Amount of productive land and water to supply people in an area

Tragedy ofthe Commons

The overuse of resources

Environmental changes

The change in any one factor

What do (eco)systems move toward?

Entropy

What do animals move away from?

Entropy-by using the energy in the system up

Thermodynamics Law 1

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Thermodynamics law 2

When energy is rearraned

Closed systems

A system that doesn't allow matter in or out

Open systems

Matter and energy are exchanged freely between the system and the environment

Positive Feedback Loops

A system responds to stimulus by increasing the rate of change

Example of positive feedback loops

Population growth

Negative feedback loops

After an increase or change in the system

Environmenbtal change examples

Feedback loops