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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms
Heredity
he passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another
True-breeding
A kind of breeding in which the parents with a particular phenotype produce offspring only with the same phenotype
Hybrid
the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties
P generation
First Generation
F1 generation
second generation
F2 generation
third generation
Monohybrid cross
a genetic mix between two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in an opposite phenotype
Dihybrid cross
A dihybrid cross describes a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits.
Allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
Homozygous
same Gene (GG)
Heterozygous
different gene (Gg)
Dominant
a dominant trait or gene
Recessive
a trait that is expressed only when genotype is homozygous
Law of segregation
When gametes are formed, each allele of one parent segregates randomly into the gametes, such that half of the parent's gametes carry each allele
Punnett square
a square diagram that is composed of a grid of usually four boxes and is used to calculate and depict all the combinations
Phenotype
refers to an individual's observable traits
Genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism
Law of independent assortment
genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes
Testcross
genetic cross between a homozygous recessive individual and a corresponding suspected heterozygote to determine the genotype