APUSH CHPT 34 "America in World War II"

assigning a reading the day after winter break is kinda cruel but wtv

ABC-1 Agreement

Us and Germany agreed that if US joined WWII, we would coordinate military planning and protect GB. “getting Germany first'“

“active defence”

Pacific was put on ____.

National Unity

Pearl Harbor inspired massive _____.

Japanese

Racial group targeted during WWII

Executive Order No. 9066

Japanese were rounded up and sent to internment camps.

Internment camps

Where the Japanese were cruelly sent during WWII bc of fear during a Japanese invasion, they would help them and be saboteurs to the US.

Korematsu vs US

Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Executive Order No. 9066

War Production Board (WPB)

American factories put out an avalanche of weaponry. Halted the manufacture of non-essential items & assigned priorities, for transportation and raw materials.

Henry Kaiser “Sir Launchalot”

Fastest ship builder

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

Helped bring down prices with extensive regulations

Rationing

Held down the consumption on critical goods.

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

Imposed ceilings on wage increases

United Mine Workers

Most prominent labor union group. (John L. Lewis)

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

Authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied up industries

Most popular “women in arms”

• Women’s Army Corps (WACs)

• Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services (WAVES) (navy)

• U.S. Coast Guard Women’s Reserve (SPARs)

Bracero Program

helped w/ shortages. Mexican workers came to work on farms and railroads

“braceros”

Farmers from Mexico who came to work in farms b/c of Bracero Program

Rosie the Riveter

A former housewife turned war hero, Rosie emerged from the kitchen and built the machinery necessary to fight and win World War II. Posters emblazoned with her picture became a symbol of wartime courage and patriotism.

Baby Boomers

a person born in the years following World War II, when there was a temporary marked increase in the birth rate.

Men who were drafted (types)

Single men, Married men, Married w/ children

“Service Wives”

$50 monthly stipend from the government

“Latchkey” Children

Children left home alone by working moms

A. Phillip Randolph - “Negro March on Washington”

To demand equal opportunities in war jobs and military

Fair Emplyment Practices Commission (FEPC)

Banned racial discrimination in goverment and war production jobs

“Double V'“

Victory at home and abroad (for racial equality for blacks)

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Established during WWII, pioneered key tactics of the modern civil rights movement, using sit-ins and other forms of civil disobedience to challenge segregation.

Cotton Picker

Rivaled the impact of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, rid the South’s need of cheap labor. Allowed many BlackAmericans to move to urban areas (Second Great Migration)

Tuskegee Airmen

The Tuskegee Airmen were dedicated, determined young men who volunteered to become America's first Black military airmen.

Doris Miller

As a mess attendant second class in the United States Navy, Miller helped carry wounded sailors to safety during the attack on Pearl Harbor. He then manned an anti-aircraft gun and, despite no prior training in gunnery, shot down between four and six enemy planes.

“Code-Talkers”

Navajos who transmitted radio-transmissions in their native language which the Germans and Japanese couldn’t understand.

Detroit

Most serious race riot - 1943, 34 killed

“Zoot Suit” Riots

Tensions rose between white servicemen and Mexican youth.

Election of 1944

• Democrats: FDR/Truman (much focus on VP)

• Republicans: Thomas Dewey/John Bricker (liberal/more conservative, balance e/o. young and vibrant)

• FDR won bc the war was going well and many trusted him to bring victory

• FDR’s CLOSEST ELECTION

“wolfpacks”

Groups of German U-boats, disposed in long lines, would rally when one of them by radio signaled a sighting and overwhelm the convoy by weight of numbers. Made Germany dominate the Atlantic.

Sonar (radar)

Vital in the destruction on the German advantage and domination of the Atlantic. (technology)

Also “Engima” code-breakers were useful.

General Erwin (“Desert Fox”) Rommel

German General who led the Germans in North Africa (west of Egypt, Suez Canal, and oil fields of Middle East)

General Bernard Montgomery

Led GB and forced Germany to retreat at the Battle of El Alamein, lifting the danger to the Middle East (stopped Hitler’s land/air advances)

Operation Torch

The Allies, w/ the help of Ultra (Enigma decrypters), stopped the Nazis.

A compromise operation that met the British objective of securing victory in North Africa while allowing American armed forces the opportunity to engage in the fight against Nazi Germany (through France-controlled North Africa) and Fascist Italy on a limited scale. Met in the middle and surrounded German troops in Tunisia.

Dwight D. “Ike” Eisenhower

Gen. Omar Bradley

Gen. George Patton

Led Operation Torch

Casablanca

Jan. 1943 - FDR & Churchill met, decided on Italy next, & to just soften France (UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER)

Unconditional Surrender

The Allies chose this tactic of surrender of the Axis powers, would leave Germany demoralized and left with nothing. Affects post war reconstruction.

Tehran

Nov. 1943 - FDR, Churchill, and Stalin discussed strategy. Committed to invade France, but not when. Broad plans. Operation Overload

Operation Overload

Code name for the Battle of Normandy

Battle of Stalingrad

Soviet troops were ordered to defend at all costs, and they did. Lasted into the winter where the USSR had the advantage and Germany surrendered in this battle (first time they had done so).

Battle of Kursk

A revived Soviet army marched West w/ 13 million. The battle tied up 1 million men on each side and left germany capable of a fighting retreat, but too weak to have any hope of winning the war.

Operation Overload (Battle of Normandy) LED BY EISENHOWER

Allies launched a bold plan to cross the English Channel into France.

Battle of the Bulge

Germans last desperate attempt to break Ally lines. Created a “bulge” in army lines, but eventually, bc of the 101st Airborne Division, the “bulge” was pinched off and Germany was forced back.

V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day (May 8th)

Bushido Code

Japanese were taught to believe that their emperor was god, and it was honor to die in battle

Kamikaze Attacks

Suicide missions

General Doolittle

Led the Raid on Tokyo

Raid on Tokyo

Did little damage to Japan, but lifted US morale

Gen McArthur and Admiral Nimitz

In charge of the Pacific Theater

Battle of Coral Sea

US stopped Japan’s expansion and forced them to recall their invasion of Australia. Confirmed US Navy could fight effectively. Showed how aircraft carriers had changed the war.

Magic

Japanese code

Enigma

German code

Battle of Midway

US was ready and waiting thanks to Magic. Ended Japanese efforst to expand in the Pacific. Japan’s first great naval defeat and shifted the balance of pwer to the US. Pivotal victory.

Battle of Guadalcanal

Battle that finally stopped the advance on the Pacific.

Island Hopping

US bypassed some of the most heavily fortified Japanese posts, to instead capture smaller nearby islands, set up airfields on them, and attack the enemy bases through heavy bombing.

Bataan Death March

60,000-80,000 US & Filipino POW’s killed en route to the POW camp

Battle of Leyte Gulf

US began retaking the Phillippenes. Japanese navy was destroyed and the last Japanese offensive was destroyed. US got Luzon, Manila, and the Phillippines.

Manhattan Project

supervised by R. Oppenheimer. Us was building an atomic bomb (bc of german actions and also germany had started to too)

Potsdam Conference

US and UK warned Japan of a “prompt and utter destruction”

Little Boy, Hiroshima

first atomic bomb dropped by Enola Gay on ___.

Fat Man, Nagasaki

Second atomic bomb dropped on ____.

V-J Day

Victory in Japan Day

USS Missouri

Japan formally surrendered aboard the ______.