operant conditioning

operant conditioning

stimulus follows the response, forms associations between behaviors and resulting events/consequences

B.F. Skinner

operant conditioning

thorndike’s law of effect

tendency to perform a given response is strengthened or weakened by the effect that the response brings about

positive outcome

increase the frequency of the response

negative outcomes

decrease the frequency of a response

shaping

repeated reinforcement guides behavior towards the desired behavior

positive reinforcement

give something, makes the behavior more likely to happen again

positive punishment

give something, makes the behavior less likely to happen again

negative reinforcement

take something away, makes the behavior more likely

negative punishment

take something away, makes the behavior less likely to happen

reinforcement

increases the likelihood of behavior occurring

primary reinforcers

reinforcers that are biologically linked and unlearned, such as food, warmth, water

secondary/conditioned reinforcers

reinforcers that are learned through classical conditioning because they have been associated with primary reinforcers

continuous reinforcement

behavior is reinforced or punished each and every time it occurs

partial reinforcement

a behavior is reinforced only occasionally

fixed-ratio schedule

reinforces after a specific # of responses

variable-ratio schedule

reinforces after unpredictable # of responses, hard to extinguish because of unpredictability

fixed-interval schedule

reinforces after a specific time elapse

variable- interval schedule

reinforces response at unpredictable time intervals, produce, slow and steady responses

applicable reinforcement effect

variably reinforced behaviors resist extinction

fixed reinforcement

quick learning, quick extinction

variable reinforcement

slower learning; slower extinction

intrinsic motivation

the desire to preform a behavior for it’s own sake

extrinsic motivation

the desire to preform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

observational learning

watching others affects learning, imitation or watching role models, or watching the operant conditioning of others, happens very early on in life

prosocial

positive and helpful models may have prosocial effects

media violence

leads to an increased expression of aggression

modeling

the imitation of observed behavior

modeling is effective

only if the observer is physically capable of imitating the behavior

vicarious learning

learning the consequences of an action by watching other be rewarded or punished for preforming the same act

bobo-doll studies punishment

when children observed adults that were punished for playing aggressively with the doll, they were less likely to be aggressive themselves

bobo-doll studies reward

when adults were rewarded, kids would act more aggressively themselves

instructed learning

verbal instruction about the associations between actions and consequences, and cultural learning