muscles and locomotion

What are the basic components of muscle?

Muscle or muscle unit is surrounded by muscle sheath; muscle unit contains muscle fibers, each surrounded by a sarcolemma and containing fibrils.

What are the arrangements of muscle units.

Bundles, sheets, and networks.

What are muscular bundles?

As in skeletal muscles; with origins and insertions on integument

What are sheet muscles?

As in circular and longitudinal muscles wrapped around gut.

What are muscular networks?

As in a branching network of muscle units spread around the esophageal diverticulum.

What are the three major muscle groups?

Tergo-sternal muscles, dorsal longitudinal muscles, and ventral longitudinal.

How do the coxa and trochanter work?

Move leg forward when tarsic are off substrate (protraction), backward when tarsi are on substrate (retraction).

How do the femur and tibia work?

Move leg outward (extension) and inward (flexion), when tarsi are on or off substrate.

What is the purpose of the tarsi?

Close around the substrate with flexor muscles.

What is direct muscle control?

Muscles connected directly to wings, contraction and relaxation of muscles results on movement of wings.

What is indirect muscle control?

Muscles connected to the terga and the phragma of the thorax, contraction and relaxation of the muscles causes distortion of the thorax and results on movement of the muscles.