APUSH TEST 1

three sisters

three sisters

Three staple crops (corn, beans, and squash) favored by many native tribes in North America

Cahokia

It is an example of how advanced peoples had been in the Americas well before the arrival of the colonists in the early 1600's. They also had an evolving road network that covered the valleys.

Iroquois Confederation

a confederation of five (later six) distinct tribes who maintained a permanent peace and military alliance with each other.

the 3g’s of exploration

God, Gold, and Glory

Treaty of Tordesillas

It was a line that traveled through the now (Brazil). The treaty along mainly established Portugal’s claims to Brazil. Soon after, Spain claimed the rest of America and European countries challenged all of the claims

Christopher Columbus

He was an explorer who was from the Italian City of Genoa. He spent 8 years seeking financial support for his idea to sail west from Europe to the “Indies”.

What was the outcome of Christopher Columbus’s voyage?

After sailing from the Canary Islands on September 6th, he landed in the Bahamas on October 12th. He was proud of his success, however, after traveling across the Atlantic Ocean, he found few god, gold, and glory.

Jointstock companies

companies which encouraged investors to bet on voyages which increased the interest of exploration. The joint stock companies also contributed to the growth of capitalism bc the interest became all about the money rather than the control of land

encomienda system

The Spanish created this in order to control them. Spain’s king granted natives who lives on a patch of land to individual spaniards. The indians were forced to farm or work in mines. The fruits of their work went to the spaniards for caring for them

conquistadores

conquistadors were adventurous explorers and conquerors. They often sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain, therefore turning it into the rich and powerful kingdom of Spain.

capitalism

an economic system in which control of capital (money and machinery) became increasingly became more important than control of land.

middle passage

• europeans survived off of enslaved african labor

• around 10-15% died on the journey through the middle passage

• before transatlantic, 10 - 15 mill enslaved ppl were being transported thru middle passage

requerimento

Spanish colonial document that conquistadors were required to read, from 1514 onward, to all native peoples. The document offered peace and freedom to Indians if they converted to Christianity and war and enslavement if they refused

asiento system

• used by spanish

• seen as necessary bc Indian laborers were dying/running away

  • colonists paid a tax to the Spanish king for each enslaved person they imported to the Americas

Spanish caste system

top - pure-blooded Spaniards

middle - several levels of people according to their levels of mixture of Native Americans, Europeans, and African

bottom - people of pure Indian or black heritage

Bartolome de Las Casas

This was an European who differed from the views of other Europeans towards Natives. He convinced the king to unite the New Laws of 1542, these laws forced Indian labor to stop, and end the encomienda system.

Valladolid Debate - both sides

• the debate over the role of Indians in Spanish colonies came to a proper debate

• On one side, Las Casas argued that Indians were human and therefore equal to the Europeans and enslaving them are unjust.

• On the other side, a priest argued that Indians were less than human and deserved to work for the Spaniards.

• No side clearly won, but it established basic arguments for Indians

Act of Toleration

In Maryland 1649, Calvert persuaded the assembly to adopt the Act of Toleration. This was the first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. However, it also called for death for anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.

Halfway covenant

• To be a full member of a Puritan congregation, individuals needed to have a confirmed religious experience and a conversion.

  • However, fewer members were having such experiences. To maintain the church’s influence and membership, a hallway covenant was offered so that people could become partial members

Quakers

William Penn joined a group of Christians who called themselves the Religous Society of Friends, known as Quakers. They believed that religious authority was found within each person and not in the Bible or any outside source.

Pilgrims

The radical dissenters, the Separatists wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control. Several of them left England for Holland in search of religious freedom.

Mayflower Compact

In 1620, when the Mayflower set sail, the Pilgrims wrote and signed a document in which they pledged to make decisions by the will of the majority.

puritans

• Protestants who wanted to reform or "purify" the Church of England.

• non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England

Va House of Burgesses

• The Virginia company encouraged settlement by guaranteeing to settlers the same rights as residents of England had

• The first representative assembly in America

corporate colonies

Similar to Jamestown, corporate colonies were operated by joint - stock companies, at least during the early years

Royal colonies

Similar to Virginia after 1624, royal colonies were to be under direct control and rule of the the king’s gov

proprietary colonies

Similar to Maryland and Pennsylvania, royal colonies were under the authority of individuals granted charters by the king.

Triangular trade

A typical voyage would begin in New England:

• a ship would start from New England carrying rum across the Atlantic to West Africa. There, the rum would be traded for hundreds of captive Africans

• Then, the ship would set out on the Middle Passage. The Africans who survived would be traded in the West Indies for sugarcane.

• Lastly, the ship returned to a New England Port where it would be sold to make rum

Mercantilism

the economic theory that a country’s wealth was determined by how much more it exported than imported.

Navigation Acts

England gov implemented mercantilist policy with a series of rules.

1) Trade to & from colonies could only be carried by English or colonial built ships operated only by English. 2) All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, had to pass thru ports in England. 3) specified or enumerated goods from colonies could be exported to England only

salutary neglect

a period from 1607-1763 in which England did not strictly enforce Parliamentary laws, which allowed the colonies to flourish as almost independent states for many years.

New England Confederation

an alliance formed in 1643 among several English colonies in the New England region, including Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven.

Metacom War

A few years before the Confederations downfall, it helped New England colonists win a war. In response to English settlers encroaching on American Indian lands, Metacom united multiple tribes. The result was several villages being burned and hundreds dying. The colonists won and killed Metacom

Bacon’s Rebellion`

Nathaniel Bacon was an impoverished farmer who hated the control over him and other small farmers by big farmers. In 1676, he formed an army and conducted massacres against natives. He also burned Jamestown to the ground. he died of dysentary

Pueblo Revolt

revolt of Pueblo Indians teamed up against the Spanish bc of the encomienda system. Lots of people died and the Spanish were driven away. Eventually, the Spanish came back and were less harsh.

Headright System

Virginia attempted to attract immigrants thru offers of land. It offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for his own passage and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant passage.

3 reasons the demand for slaves increased

1) reduced migration

2) controlled workforce

3) low - cost labor

English settlers

settlers from England continued to come to the American colonies. With fewer problems at

German settlers

• This group settled on the farmlands of Philly, an area that became known as Pennsylvania Dutch colony

• They maintained their German language, customs, and religious beliefs

Scotch - Irish

These English speaking people were Protestants who came from Northern Ireland. They had little respect for the British, who pressured them to leave Ireland

family in colonies

• center of colonial life

• with an expanding economy and ample food supply, ppl married earlier and had more kids

• more than 90% lived on farms

men in colonies

In addition to working as farmers or artisans, men could own property and participate in pol

New England economy

• rocky soil and long winters limited most ppl to subsistence farming

• most farms were small and the work was done by family w/ occasionally a hired laborer

middle colonies economy

• rich soil produced an abundance of wheat and corn for export to Europe and the West Indies

• Farms of up to 200 acres were common and often indentured servants and hired laborers worked w/ the families.

• bread basket

the southern colonies economy

• bc of the diverse geography and climate in these colonies, agriculture varied greatly.

• Most ppl lived on small subsistence farms w/o slaves but others lived on large plantations relying on slave labor. Colonial plantations were self - sufficient, growing their own food, and using enslaved craftworkers

The Great Awakening

In the 1730’s and 40’s there was a dramatic change. it was a movement of fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses.

Jonathan Edwards

was among the best known leader of the Great Awakening. He was a Congressional minister who presented God who was angry w/ human sinfulness. Individuals who repented would be saved, those who ignored God was not.

George Whitefield

In 1739, he spread the Great Awakening attracting audiences of 10000 ppl. He expressed that God was all- powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ and those who didn’t would be damned to death.

Religous impact of Great Awakening

• had a profound effect on religious practice

• As ppl studied the Bible in their homes, ministers lost authority over them

• ppl called for stricter separation of church and state

political impact of Great Awakening

• common ppl realizing that if they could make their religious decisions, why couldn’t they make their own political decisions

The Zenger Case

• newspaper printers in colonial days ran the risk of being jailed for libel if any article offended the authoritites

• In 1735, John Peter Zenger, a NY publisher, was tried on a charge of criticizing NY”s royal governor

• Zenger’s lawyer argued that Zenger printed the truth w/o caring about the law

• The court sided with Zenger and while the case didn’t guarentee freedom of press, it encouraged newspapers to criticize the gov

The Enlightment

In the 18th century, some educated Americans felt attracted to a European movement in literature and philosophy. They believed that the “light” of reason could solve most of humanity’s problems.

John Locke

A 17th century English philosopher. He reasoned that while state is supreme, its bound to follow natural laws based on the rights humans have Citizens had a right and obligation to revolt against a gov that failed to protect their rights

lower house of gov

• were elected by white male property owners

• colonists then became used to paying taxes only if their chosen rep. approved

upper house gov

• in the 2 self governing colonies were also elected

• In other colonies, members were appointed by the king or proprietor and were also known as the council

governor gov

• appointed by the crown

• appointed by ppl (RI and Connecticut)

• appointed by proprietor (Penn and MD)

John Winthrop

• leader of the Puritans

• Winthrop believed that their land would be a model for everyone