bio lab practical I 3/26

need to add pics for cells, c1v1 formula and for daphnia, daphnia picture

converting length, mass, volume with metric system

king, henry, died, by, drinking, chocolate, milk…micro…nano…pico

kilo, hecto, deca, basic, deci, centi, mili, micro…nano…pico

how many units
kilo, hecto, deca, basic, deci, centi, milli…micro…nano…pico

1000, 100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.000001, 0.000000001, 0.000000000001
10³, 10², 10^1, 10^0, 10^-1, 10^-2, 10^-3, 10^-6, 10^-9, 10^-12

scientific notation formula

coefficient (number 1-9) x 10^? = number

scientific notation example

4.5 × 10³ = 4500
3.55 × 10^-6 = 0.00000355

1 inch = ? cm

2.54 cm

1 kg = ? lbs

2.2 lbs

1 ounce = ? ml

30 ml

1 gallon = ? liters

3.8 liters

3 different micropipette (1 ml = 1000 µL)

P20, P200, P1000

P20

max 20 µL

(order goes: volume readout goes 10s, 1s, decimal.)

P200

max 200 µL

(order goes: volume readout goes 100s, 10s, 1s.)

P1000

max 1000 µL aka 1 ml 1s.)

(order goes: volume readout goes 1000s, 100s, 1s.)

how to draw up liquid with micropipette

press plunger once, place into liquid, let go slowly and lift

how to dispense liquid with micropipette

press down the plunger with both clicks slowly, release the plunger, and eject the tip into waste container

what is independent variable (x-axis)

whats being changed, affects dependent variable

ex: ml of hydrochloride HCL and ml of sodium hydroxide NaOH are the independent variable and affect the ph levels which is dependent

what is dependent variable (y-axis)

what is measured and observed in experiment

ex: like measuring pH levels after adding acid/base, % of absorbance after adding protein concentration

serological pipette

used to accurately measure volume of liquid

graduated cylinder

slender cylindrical container used to measure accurately

meniscus

curve of liquid, read lowest part for accurate measurement

beaker

cylindrical container

Erlenmeyer flask

beaker with a narrow neck

qualitative

(good for holding liquids and containing chemical reactions)

quantitative

(good for accurate measurements)

kilo- prefix

k

hecto- prefix

h

deka- deca- prefix

da

base unit (gram, meter, liter)

g, m, L

deci- prefix

d

centi- prefix

cm

milli- prefix

ml

freezing water temp in Fahrenheit and Celsius

32F, 0C

boiling water temp in Fahrenheit and Celsius

212F, 100C

normal body temp in Fahrenheit and Celsius

98F, 37C

C1V1 = C2V2

fungi cell

protist cell

animal cell

what is optimal temperature and pH

neutral ph of 7, 6-8 considered optimal pH

acids

pH level of 0-6, high hydrogen ion concentration H+, ex: HCl hydrochloric acid

base

pH level of 8-14, low hydrogen ion concentration, ex: NaOH sodium hydroxide

what is a buffer

resists change of acid or base, stabalizing pH level

ex:

common characteristics of life

DOGRACE

dna, organized, grow, reproduce, adapt, cells, energy

prokaryote

unicellular, simple small cells, no nucleus, domain: bacteria, archaea, no membrane-bound organelles

eukaryote

multicellular, large complex cells, nucleus, domain: eukarya, 4 kingdoms: animal, plant, protist, fungi, membrane-bound organelles

what do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have

cell membrane, dna, cytoplasm, ribosomes

how to set up and reset microscope

grab by base of microscope, remove dust cover, plug into power, turn on power switch, make sure stage is clean, lenses clean

rotate nosepiece to 4x obj lens, lower and center mechanical stage, unplug and wrap cord, cover with dust cover, grab by base and put away with ocular lens facing away from youthe nosepiece

whats the power switch on a microscope

to turn on microscope/light

whats the ocular lens on a microscope

the eyepiece, has default 10x magnification

whats the objective lenses on a microscope

different magnifications like 4x, 10x, 40x

whats the base of a microscope

bottom main body of microscope

whats the diaphragm of a microscope

controls how much light is used

whats the coarse focus of a microscope

knob to change the height of the stage by a lot

whats the fine focus of a microscope

knob to change height of the stage just barely

whats the light source of a microscope

light shining onto slide

whats the condenser of a microscope

lets in amount of light (same as diaphragm)

whats the mechanical stage of the microscope

platform that holds onto slides

magnification definition

enlarges or magnifies the specimen

total magnification definition

multiplying obj lens times default 10x of the ocular lens

ex: total magnification when using 40x obj lens is 40 × 10 = 400x total magnificatoin

resolving power definition

improves resolution or ability to distinguish small details

contrast definition

ability to distinguish object from its background

depth of field definition

“thickness” of sample, decreases and magnification increases

field of view definition

how much of the slide is visible, decreases as magnification increases

working distance definition

distance between objective lens and the slide, higher magnification decreases working distance from slide

spirogyra

protist, filamentous algae, ontains green spiral shaped chloroplasts

rhizopus stolonifera

fungi, black bread mold, looks like black dots on hairs

elodia

plant, leaf, green rectangles because you can see cell wall/membrane, and green dots which are chloroplasts

human cheek cells

animal, flat roundish shape, has a visible dot aka the nucleus, and maybe can see membrane

bacillus (bacterial morphology)

rod shape

coccus (bacterial morphology)

round circular shaped

spirillum (bacterial morphology)

sprial cork screw shape

strepto- (bacterial arrangement)

long chain like structure

staphylo- (bacterial arrangement)

grape like clusters

bacterial staining

Gram Staining, to classify bacteria based on cell structure

gram-positive bacteria

purple color, thick cell wall

gram-negative bacteria

redish pink color, 2 cell wall layers

viruses

cannot produce itself, can take over a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell

locate eye, antennae, and heart of Daphnia

caffeine vs ethanol

stimulant - raises heart rate, depressant - alcohol lowers heart rate

C1V1 = C2V2 (Daphnia)

what is amylase

protein that breaks down starch, detected by Bradford reagent, brown to blue color

Wavelengths for red color of light spectrum

700 nm (nanometer)

Wavelengths between orange and yellow color

600 nm (nanometer)

Wavelengths between green and blue

500 nm (nanometer)

Wavelengths between indigo and violet

400 nm (nanometer)

Relationship between energy and wavelength

low energy = long wavelength, high energy = short wavelength

red (low energy) to violet (high energy), red (long wavelength) to violet (short wavelength)

serial dilutions

decreasing concentration by diluting each tube by taking a sample from the first tube, passing it on to the next, and repeating

what does spectrophotometer do

finds the concentration of a solution by measuring its absorbance at specific wavelengths

what solutions did each tube contain for spectrophotometry (determining protein concentration)

each tube had diH20 and a protein solution?

what are enzymes and what do they do

catalysts, speed up chem rxn by lowering activation energy

why does starch have to be broken down to glucose?

needs to be broken down into smaller molecule and glucose is needed in cellular respiration to make ATP

whats activation energy

the amount of work needed to create chem rxn

whats the active site

the area where the substrate binds to the enzyme

whats the substrate

the reactant, what the enzyme binds to for chem rxns

what are the products of an enzyme

substrate turns into products

what happens when the amount of substrate decreases

reaction rate decreases bc many enzymes wouldnt be able to bind if there arent enough substrates

what happens when the amount of product decreases

reaction rate slows down

positive control in amylase activity

has active amylase, needed to verify that results are reliable

negative control in amylase activity

has no amylase, needed to verify that results are reliable

how to read standard curve

graph concentration (x-axis) versus absorbance (y-axis), use best of fit line to find the unknown concentration for absorbance levels

what does Bradford assay detect

detects amylase/protein, color changes from brown to blue