AP Human Geo Unit 2 (chapter 2 & 3)

population geography

The study of spatial distribution and composition of human populations and how these characteristics change from birth rates, migration, ect.

carrying capacity

The maximum population size an environment can sustain indefinitely

overpopulation

When the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

demography

study of population characteristics

census

The most important official data source for population geography

sampling (in census)

a subset of the population that is selected to represent the entire group for data collection and analysis

cartogram

map that depicts the size of areas according to a certain thing like population instead of land area

ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

What is arable land?

Land that is suitable for agriculture.

The characteristic of arable land are...

Fertile soil, adequate rainfall, and a good climate.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land

what does physiological density suggest?

how many people must be supported by agricultural land

Agricultural Density

the number of farmers per unit of arable land in a given area

what does agricultural density suggest?

higher density= more manual labor, intensive farming while lower density= less human labor

natural increase rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

CBR (crude birth rate)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

total fertility rate

the average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

the annual # of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared with the total live births, per 1000 births

What does a IMR reflect about a country?

how good their healthcare system is

CDR (crude death rate)

total # of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

demographic transition

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

zero population growth

when the CBR declines to a point where it equals the CDR and the NIR to go to zero

per capita

for each person

maternal mortality rate

the annual # of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy

sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions

Potential/elderly support ratio

the # of working-age people (ages 15-64) divided by the # of people 65 and older

population pyramid

bar graph that displays the percentage of a place's population for each age and gender

Dependency Ratio

the # of people too young or too old to work compared to the # of people in their productive years

epidemiology

the branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are among a population at a particular time

epidemiological transition (model)

the distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition

epidemic

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time

endemic

disease regularly occurring within an area or community

pandemic

an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population at the same time

degenerative disease

chronic condition characterized by the gradual deterioration and loss of function in tissues or organs over time

lifestyle disease

chronic conditions that are primarily caused by modifiable factors ex. smoking, unhealthy eating, physical inactivity

pronatalist policy

government policy that supports higher birth rates

antinatalist policy

government policy that supports lower birth rates

subsidy

a financial payment or other form of economic support from the government to a specific industry, business, or individual to encourage a desired economic outcome

contraception

the methods and devices used to prevent pregnancy

what does contraception influences?

It influences population growth, women empowerment, and cultural attitudes

family planning

the intentional control of the # and spacing of children through education, contraception, and assisted reproductive technologies

Neo-malthusians

modern proponents of Thomas Malthus's theories, who argue that rapid population growth can lead to resource depletion and environmental depletion

migration

permanent move to a new location

mobility

all types of movement from one place to another

seasonal mobility

ex. college students move to residence halls in the fall and home in the spring

circulation

short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis such as daily, monthly, or annually

What is migration transition?

A change in the migration pattern in a society.

What causes migration transition?

Social and economic changes that produce the demographic transition.

During which stages of demographic transition is international migration typical?

Stage 2 and 3.

During which stages of demographic transition is intraregional migration typical?

Stage 3 and 4.

international immigration

permanent move from one country to another

Voluntary Migration

The migrant has chosen to move for usually economic improvement

Forced Migration

The migrant has been compelled to move by political or environmental factors

Interregional Migration

movement from one region of a country to another region of the same country

Intraregional Migration

movement within one region, usually within urban areas, from older cities to newer suburbs

emigration

Migration from a location

Immigration

migration to a place

net migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.

guest worker

people from poorer countries who are allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs

circular migration

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.

metropolitan

A core urban center and its surrounding, economically and socially integrated communities that function as a larger urban area

periphery

less developed countries or regions that have limited access to resources, tech, and infrastructure

Counterurbanization

When net migration is from urban to rural areas

push factor

makes people move out of their current location

pull factor

a factor that induces people to move to a new location

intervening obstacle

environmental or political feature that hinders migration

step migration

migration that folloes a path of stages or steps toward a final destination

refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape armed conflicts, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, and other disasters, and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, or political opinion

internally displaced person

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee, but has not migrated across an international border

asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Floodplain

The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends.

Remittances

The transfer of money by foreign workers to individuals, often family members, in their home country.

Unauthorized immigrants

those who migrate to a new country without proper documents

quota

a law establishing a maximum limit on the number of people who can immigrate into a country

brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

Family-based migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives previously migrated there