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Hydrometeorological Hazards
process/phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological, or oceanographic nature that mat lead to damage
PAGASA
stands for Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration
the national weather, climate, and astronomical service agency of the Philippines under DOST
provides information on weather forecasts, tropical cyclone warnings, flood forecasts, and other meteorological, geophysical, and astronomical services
issues timely warnings and advisories related to natural hazards like typhoons, floods, and droughts
Hydrometeorological Hazards
typhoon
flood
thunderstorm
storm surge
el niño
la niña
climate change
Typhoon/Tropical Cyclone
a storm system characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms and produce strong winds and flooding rain
its strength is determined bu the speed of the maximum sustained winds near the center
can bring torrential rainfall, wind driven water, powerful & destructive waves, and storm surges
Tropical Cyclone Classification (weakest to strongest)
Tropical Depression (≤61 kph)
Tropical Storm (62-88 kph)
Severe Tropical Storm (89-117 kph)
Typhoon (118-220 kph)
Super Typhoon (>220 kph)
Tropical Depression
wind speeds of ≤61 kph
Tropical Storm
wind speeds of 62-88 kph
Severe Tropical Storm
wind speeds of 89-117 kph
Typhoon
wind speeds of 118-220 kph
Super Typhoon
wind speeds of >220 kph
Signs of Typhoon
presence of overcast
rise in sea level with frequent waves
check weather forecast/news
use a barometer
check for cumulus, cirrus, and lenticular clouds
Public Storm Warning Signal 1
30-60 kph wind speed
36 hrs lead time
no to very little damage
no classes in kindergarten
Public Storm Warning Signal 2
61-120 kph wind speed
24 hrs lead time
light to moderate damage
no classes until high school
Public Storm Warning Signal 3
121-170 kph wind speed
18 hrs lead time
moderate to heavy damage
no classes until tertiary level
Public Storm Warning Signal 4
171-220 kph wind speed
12 hrs lead time
heavy to very heavy damage
no classes until tertiary level
Public Storm Warning Signal 5
>220 kph wind speed
12 hrs lead time
very heavy to widespread damage
no classes until tertiary level
Structural Typhoon Damage
collapse of structure elements
water infiltration into building exterior wall
leakage between door, frames, walls, and threshold
Factors Contributing to Typhoon Damage
low quality construction
inappropriate techniques
low resistance materials
failure of doors and windows due to wind pressure
location of building
height of the building above ground
configuration of the building
surrounding topography
What to Do Before a Typhoon
Check news
Inspect house and perform needed repairs.
Have non-perishable food and water ready.
Prepare an emergency kit
Charge essential devices per imminent power outage.
Stay alert for evacuation orders.
Designate a a safe meeting spot in case of evacuation.
What to Do During a Typhoon
Cancel scheduled travels.
Save device battery for emergency
Disconnect appliances or switch off main source of electricity,
Avoid flooded areas.
Wear raincoats and boots when going out.
Comply with advisories and announcements from LGU.
Secure safety for family and pets.
What to Do After a Typhoon
Continue monitoring updates.
Inspect home for signs of damage.
Ensure your house is safe before entering
Protect yourself against mosquito and water-borne diseases.
Boil water for at least 20 minutes before drinking to make sure it is not contaminated.
Thunderstorm
produces thunder and lightning
occur locally as episodes of typhoons and are marked by abrupt variations in pressure, temperature, and wind
indicated by cumulonimbus clouds
Impacts of Thunderstorms
rainfall can cause flash floods, which can kill people, even more than typhoons, tornadoes, and lightning
fires due to lightning
car & window damage and wildlife death from hail
toppled trees, power lines, and homes due to wind
Flood
generally occurs when there is an increase in water level from continuous or heavy rainfall, release from dams, and overflowing of water systems.
defined as more prolonged, caused by lake overflow, dam failures, or prolonged rains
Flash Floods
caused by heavy rains
appears and disappears quickly
Riverine Floods
level of water flowing through rivers increases and goes beyond average water level
Estuarine/Coastal Floods
seawater encroaches low lying land that is usually still above sea level
caused by storm surges
Urban Flooding
from saturation of the ground due to too much rainfall and the presence of large areas of impermeable surfaces like concrete pavements and rooftops
Catastrophic Flooding
results from ground failure or major dam or infrastructure failure
Yellow Rainfall Warning
7.5-15 mm (heavy) rain
observed in one hour and expected to continue for the next two
flooding is possible
monitor weather conditions
the school division superintendent coordinates with the LGUs for localized susoension
F2F classes and work in schools may be shifted to modular distance learning
Orange Rainfall Warning
15-30 mm (intense) rain
observed in one hour and expected to continue for the next two
flooding is threatening
be alert for possible evacuation
classes are suspended until high school
everyone must be sent home if possible; otherwise, schools are obligated to keep students and personal safe
Red Rainfall Warning
30+ mm rain
observed in one hour and expected to continue for the next two
serious flooding is expected in low-lying areas
evacuation
classes are automatically suspended until high school
Flood Prevention
drainage cleaning
vegetation
reforestation
town planing
public awareness
emergency services
structural projects
Storm Surge
abnormal rise of the ocean generated by a typhoon above the predicted high tide mark
Storm Surge Advisories
SSA 1 - water is 2 meters above sea level
SSA 2 - water is 3 meters above sea level
SSA 3 - water is 4 meters above sea level
SSA 4 - water is 5 meters above sea level
Yellow Storm Surge Alert
tides are 0.5 to 1 meter above sea level
storm surge is possible
stay away from coast or beach
preparation measures must be carried out
Orange Storm Surge Alert
tides are 1.1 to 3 meters above sea level
storm surge is expected
conditions could be life threatening
all marine activities must be canceled
follow evacuation guidelines from LGUs
Red Storm Surge Alert
tides are 3+ meters above sea level
storm surge is catastrophic
there is a significant threat to life
mandatory evacuation is expectec
Green Storm Surge Alert
no action is required
El Niño
the warming of the ocean surface in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, creating reduced rainfall over the regions of Indonesia and Philippines
Impacts of El Niño
below normal rainfall conditions
reduced rainfall
stronger typhoons
high risk of forest and grass fires
drought
La Niña
the cooling of the ocean surface in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, creating increased rainfall over the regions of Indonesia and Philippines
Impacts of La Niña
above normal rainfall conditions
destruction of crops due to high volume of rainfall
heavy rainfall
floodings
landslides due to rain
colder/cooler temperatures
Climate Change
long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns
been exacerbated due to human activity
has led to more erratic and extreme weather paterns
Causes of Climate Change
generating power
manufacturing goods
cutting down forests
using transportation
producing food
powering buildings
over-consumption
Effects of Climate Change
hotter temperatures
more severe storms
increased drought
warming, rising ocean
loss of species
not enough food
more health risks
poverty and displacement
rising sea levels
shrinking mountain glaciers
ice quickly melting in Greenland, Antartica, and Artic
changes in flower and plant blooming times
Actions Against Climate Change
save energy at home
walk, cycle, or take public transport
eat more vegetables
consider travel
throw away less food
reduce, reuse, repair, recycle
change home’s source of energy
switch to an electric vehicle
go green