DRRR | Hydrometeorological Hazards

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47 Terms

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Hydrometeorological Hazards

process/phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological, or oceanographic nature that mat lead to damage

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PAGASA

  • stands for Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration

  • the national weather, climate, and astronomical service agency of the Philippines under DOST

  • provides information on weather forecasts, tropical cyclone warnings, flood forecasts, and other meteorological, geophysical, and astronomical services

  • issues timely warnings and advisories related to natural hazards like typhoons, floods, and droughts

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Hydrometeorological Hazards

  • typhoon

  • flood

  • thunderstorm

  • storm surge

  • el niño

  • la niña

  • climate change

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Typhoon/Tropical Cyclone

  • a storm system characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms and produce strong winds and flooding rain

  • its strength is determined bu the speed of the maximum sustained winds near the center

  • can bring torrential rainfall, wind driven water, powerful & destructive waves, and storm surges

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Tropical Cyclone Classification (weakest to strongest)

  1. Tropical Depression (≤61 kph)

  2. Tropical Storm (62-88 kph)

  3. Severe Tropical Storm (89-117 kph)

  4. Typhoon (118-220 kph)

  5. Super Typhoon (>220 kph)

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Tropical Depression

  • wind speeds of ≤61 kph

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Tropical Storm

  • wind speeds of 62-88 kph

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Severe Tropical Storm

  • wind speeds of 89-117 kph

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Typhoon

  • wind speeds of 118-220 kph

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Super Typhoon

  • wind speeds of >220 kph

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Signs of Typhoon

  • presence of overcast

  • rise in sea level with frequent waves

  • check weather forecast/news

  • use a barometer

  • check for cumulus, cirrus, and lenticular clouds

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Public Storm Warning Signal 1

  • 30-60 kph wind speed

  • 36 hrs lead time

  • no to very little damage

  • no classes in kindergarten

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Public Storm Warning Signal 2

  • 61-120 kph wind speed

  • 24 hrs lead time

  • light to moderate damage

  • no classes until high school

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Public Storm Warning Signal 3

  • 121-170 kph wind speed

  • 18 hrs lead time

  • moderate to heavy damage

  • no classes until tertiary level

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Public Storm Warning Signal 4

  • 171-220 kph wind speed

  • 12 hrs lead time

  • heavy to very heavy damage

  • no classes until tertiary level

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Public Storm Warning Signal 5

  • >220 kph wind speed

  • 12 hrs lead time

  • very heavy to widespread damage

  • no classes until tertiary level

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Structural Typhoon Damage

  • collapse of structure elements

  • water infiltration into building exterior wall

  • leakage between door, frames, walls, and threshold

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Factors Contributing to Typhoon Damage

  • low quality construction

  • inappropriate techniques

  • low resistance materials

  • failure of doors and windows due to wind pressure

  • location of building

  • height of the building above ground

  • configuration of the building

  • surrounding topography

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What to Do Before a Typhoon

  • Check news

  • Inspect house and perform needed repairs.

  • Have non-perishable food and water ready.

  • Prepare an emergency kit

  • Charge essential devices per imminent power outage.

  • Stay alert for evacuation orders.

  • Designate a a safe meeting spot in case of evacuation.

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What to Do During a Typhoon

  • Cancel scheduled travels.

  • Save device battery for emergency

  • Disconnect appliances or switch off main source of electricity,

  • Avoid flooded areas.

  • Wear raincoats and boots when going out.

  • Comply with advisories and announcements from LGU.

  • Secure safety for family and pets.

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What to Do After a Typhoon

  • Continue monitoring updates.

  • Inspect home for signs of damage.

  • Ensure your house is safe before entering

  • Protect yourself against mosquito and water-borne diseases.

  • Boil water for at least 20 minutes before drinking to make sure it is not contaminated.

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Thunderstorm

  • produces thunder and lightning

  • occur locally as episodes of typhoons and are marked by abrupt variations in pressure, temperature, and wind

  • indicated by cumulonimbus clouds

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Impacts of Thunderstorms

  • rainfall can cause flash floods, which can kill people, even more than typhoons, tornadoes, and lightning

  • fires due to lightning

  • car & window damage and wildlife death from hail

  • toppled trees, power lines, and homes due to wind

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Flood

  • generally occurs when there is an increase in water level from continuous or heavy rainfall, release from dams, and overflowing of water systems.

  • defined as more prolonged, caused by lake overflow, dam failures, or prolonged rains

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Flash Floods

  • caused by heavy rains

  • appears and disappears quickly

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Riverine Floods

level of water flowing through rivers increases and goes beyond average water level

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Estuarine/Coastal Floods

  • seawater encroaches low lying land that is usually still above sea level

  • caused by storm surges

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Urban Flooding

  • from saturation of the ground due to too much rainfall and the presence of large areas of impermeable surfaces like concrete pavements and rooftops

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Catastrophic Flooding

  • results from ground failure or major dam or infrastructure failure

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Yellow Rainfall Warning

  • 7.5-15 mm (heavy) rain

  • observed in one hour and expected to continue for the next two

  • flooding is possible

  • monitor weather conditions

  • the school division superintendent coordinates with the LGUs for localized susoension

  • F2F classes and work in schools may be shifted to modular distance learning

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Orange Rainfall Warning

  • 15-30 mm (intense) rain

  • observed in one hour and expected to continue for the next two

  • flooding is threatening

  • be alert for possible evacuation

  • classes are suspended until high school

  • everyone must be sent home if possible; otherwise, schools are obligated to keep students and personal safe

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Red Rainfall Warning

  • 30+ mm rain

  • observed in one hour and expected to continue for the next two

  • serious flooding is expected in low-lying areas

  • evacuation

  • classes are automatically suspended until high school

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Flood Prevention

  • drainage cleaning

  • vegetation

  • reforestation

  • town planing

  • public awareness

  • emergency services

  • structural projects

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Storm Surge

  • abnormal rise of the ocean generated by a typhoon above the predicted high tide mark

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Storm Surge Advisories

  • SSA 1 - water is 2 meters above sea level

  • SSA 2 - water is 3 meters above sea level

  • SSA 3 - water is 4 meters above sea level

  • SSA 4 - water is 5 meters above sea level

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Yellow Storm Surge Alert

  • tides are 0.5 to 1 meter above sea level

  • storm surge is possible

  • stay away from coast or beach

  • preparation measures must be carried out

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Orange Storm Surge Alert

  • tides are 1.1 to 3 meters above sea level

  • storm surge is expected

  • conditions could be life threatening

  • all marine activities must be canceled

  • follow evacuation guidelines from LGUs

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Red Storm Surge Alert

  • tides are 3+ meters above sea level

  • storm surge is catastrophic

  • there is a significant threat to life

  • mandatory evacuation is expectec

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Green Storm Surge Alert

no action is required

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El Niño

the warming of the ocean surface in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, creating reduced rainfall over the regions of Indonesia and Philippines

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Impacts of El Niño

  • below normal rainfall conditions

  • reduced rainfall

  • stronger typhoons

  • high risk of forest and grass fires

  • drought

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La Niña

the cooling of the ocean surface in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, creating increased rainfall over the regions of Indonesia and Philippines

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Impacts of La Niña

  • above normal rainfall conditions

  • destruction of crops due to high volume of rainfall

  • heavy rainfall

  • floodings

  • landslides due to rain

  • colder/cooler temperatures

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Climate Change

  • long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns

  • been exacerbated due to human activity

  • has led to more erratic and extreme weather paterns

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Causes of Climate Change

  • generating power

  • manufacturing goods

  • cutting down forests

  • using transportation

  • producing food

  • powering buildings

  • over-consumption

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Effects of Climate Change

  • hotter temperatures

  • more severe storms

  • increased drought

  • warming, rising ocean

  • loss of species

  • not enough food

  • more health risks

  • poverty and displacement

  • rising sea levels

  • shrinking mountain glaciers

  • ice quickly melting in Greenland, Antartica, and Artic

  • changes in flower and plant blooming times

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Actions Against Climate Change

  • save energy at home

  • walk, cycle, or take public transport

  • eat more vegetables

  • consider travel

  • throw away less food

  • reduce, reuse, repair, recycle

  • change home’s source of energy

  • switch to an electric vehicle

  • go green