GI/GU

What are the external structures of the male genitourinary system?

Penis and scrotum.

What is the function of the testes?

Sperm production.

What is the role of the epididymis?

Sperm storage and maturation.

What structures transport sperm?

Vas deferens.

Name the accessory glands in the male genitourinary system.

Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.

What subjective data should be gathered regarding urination?

Frequency, urgency, dysuria, and nocturia.

What pain assessments should be made in the male genitourinary examination?

Scrotal/testicular pain and perineal pain.

What health teachings should be included for Testicular Self-Examination (TSE)?

Monthly exams in a warm shower, using fingers to feel for lumps, pain, or changes.

What is cryptorchidism?

Undescended testicles.

What abnormalities might be found in the male genitourinary examination?

Masses, hydrocele, varicocele, hernias, discharge, and phimosis/paraphimosis.

What are the internal structures of the female genitourinary system?

Vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

What is assessed during a bimanual exam for females?

Uterus size, mobility, and ovaries should be small, firm, and movable.

What are common age-related changes in the female genitourinary system?

Vaginal dryness, thinning mucosa, decreased pubic hair, and increased risk for UTIs.

What is the purpose of a speculum exam?

To visualize the cervix and vaginal walls, and to collect specimens.

What is the recommended age to start cervical cancer screening?

Age 21.

What should be evaluated during a digital rectal exam (DRE) for prostate health?

The prostate should be smooth, rubbery, symmetric, and nontender.

What are signs of prostate cancer?

Prostate nodules, enlarged prostate (BPH), and abnormal DRE findings.

What are the symptoms of hemorrhoids?

Pain, itching, and possibly visible swelling around the anus.

What is the significance of PSA in prostate screening?

PSA (prostate-specific antigen) is a blood test used to screen for prostate cancer.

What are normal urinary subjective data to assess in men?

Frequency, urgency, nocturia, hesitancy, straining, urine color, and incontinence.

What are signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

Hesitancy, weak stream, urgency, nocturia, incomplete emptying—common in aging males.

What is phimosis?

Nonretractable foreskin causing hygiene problems and possible infection.

What is hypospadias?

Congenital condition where urethral meatus opens on the underside of the penis.

What is a hydrocele?

Nontender swelling of the scrotum due to fluid collection; transilluminates with light.

What is a rectal prolapse?

Rectal mucosa protrudes through the anus; appears as a moist red doughnut on inspection.

What are characteristics of prostate cancer?

Hard, irregular, fixed nodule on prostate; often asymptomatic in early stages.

What is the function of the prostate?

Secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm; part of semen.

What is a fissure?

Painful linear tear in the anal mucosa; may have bright red blood on stool.

What is a pilonidal cyst?

Congenital disorder—hair-containing cyst near coccyx that may become infected.

What subjective data should be collected for the female GU system?

Menstrual history, obstetric history, menopause, pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, urinary symptoms, sexual activity, contraception, STI contact.

What is menarche?

The first menstrual period, usually occurs between 10–14 years of age.

What is cystocele?

Bulging of the bladder into the vaginal wall, often causing urinary symptoms.

What is rectocele?

Protrusion of the rectum into the vaginal wall due to weakened pelvic muscles.

What is HPV and how is it related to cervical cancer?

Human Papillomavirus; persistent infection with high-risk strains can lead to cervical dysplasia and cancer.