GI/GU
Chapter 25: Male Genitourinary System
Structure & Function
External Structures: Penis, scrotum
Internal Structures: Testes (sperm production), epididymis (sperm storage/maturation), vas deferens (sperm transport)
Accessory Glands: Seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
Subjective Data
Urination: Frequency, urgency, dysuria, nocturia
Pain: Scrotal/testicular, perineal
Sexual: Erectile function, ejaculation
Discharge, STI risk
History: Hernias, trauma, testicular cancer
Objective Data
Inspection/Palpation:
Penis: No lesions, discharge
Scrotum: Testes should be oval, firm, equal; no masses
Inguinal area: Check for hernias
Lymph nodes: Non-tender, small
Abnormal Findings
Masses, hydrocele, varicocele, cryptorchidism, hernias, discharge
Phimosis/paraphimosis, priapism, hypospadias/epispadias
Aging Adult
Decreased testosterone → decreased pubic hair, scrotal sagging
Slower erection, ejaculation
Prostate enlargement (BPH)
Health Teaching: Testicular Self-Examination (TSE)
Monthly, in warm shower
Use thumb and fingers
Feel for lumps, pain, or changes in size/shape
Chapter 26: Anus, Rectum, and Prostate
Structure & Function
Anus: Terminal opening of GI tract, surrounded by internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary) sphincters
Rectum: 12 cm of distal GI tract
Prostate: Surrounds urethra, secretes fluid that nourishes sperm
Subjective Data
Bowel habits: Frequency, consistency, color
Rectal pain, bleeding, itching
Family history of colorectal/prostate cancer
Medications: Laxatives, fiber intake
Objective Data
Inspection: Perianal area—no lesions, hemorrhoids, fissures
Palpation:
Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): Prostate should be smooth, rubbery, symmetric, nontender
Check for masses, tenderness
Abnormal Findings
Hemorrhoids, fissures, rectal prolapse, prostate nodules, enlarged prostate (BPH), prostatitis
Aging Adult
Increased risk of BPH and prostate cancer
Slower bowel motility
Health Teaching: Prostate/Colorectal Cancer
Prostate screening: DRE + PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
Colorectal screening: Colonoscopy starting age 45–50, every 10 years
Chapter 27: Female Genitourinary System
Structure & Function
External: Vulva, labia, clitoris, urethral opening, vaginal orifice
Internal: Vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries
Subjective Data
Menstrual history: Menarche, cycle, duration, flow, menopause
Vaginal symptoms: Discharge, itching, odor
Urinary: Frequency, urgency, dysuria
Sexual: Contraception, STI risk
Obstetric history: Gravida/para, complications
Objective Data
Inspection: Vulva—no lesions, inflammation
Speculum Exam: Cervix pink, midline, smooth
Bimanual Exam: Assess uterus size, mobility; ovaries should be small, firm, movable
Abnormal Findings
Lesions, vaginal atrophy, discharge, cervical polyps
Enlarged ovaries, pelvic masses, prolapse
Aging Adult
Menopause: ↓ estrogen → vaginal dryness, thinning mucosa
↓ pubic hair, ↑ risk for UTIs
Health Teaching: Cervical Cancer
Pap smear:
Start age 21
Every 3 yrs (21–29); every 5 yrs with HPV testing (30–65)
HPV vaccination: Recommended age 9–26
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Here’s a set of detailed flashcards based on Jarvis' Physical Examination and Health Assessment (9th Edition), covering Chapters 25–27 (Male & Female Genitourinary, Anus, Rectum, and Prostate). Each flashcard includes the term/question on the front and a detailed answer on the back.
🔹 Chapter 25: Male Genitourinary System
Q1: What are the main functions of the male genitourinary system?
A1: Produces sperm, secretes male sex hormones (testosterone), and eliminates urine via the urethra.
Q2: What are normal findings in testicular palpation?
A2: Testes are firm, rubbery, smooth, equal bilaterally, and freely movable with no nodules or tenderness.
Q3: What is cryptorchidism?
A3: Undescended testicles; a risk factor for testicular cancer.
Q4: What is the TSE health teaching acronym?
A4:
T: Timing – once a month
S: Shower – warm water relaxes the scrotum
E: Examine – report lumps, swelling, or pain
Q5: What age-related change occurs in the male reproductive system?
A5: Decreased sperm production and testosterone levels, slower erection and ejaculation, and testicular atrophy.
🔹 Chapter 26: Anus, Rectum, and Prostate
Q6: What is the expected shape and consistency of a healthy prostate gland?
A6: Heart-shaped, 2.5 cm wide, smooth, elastic, and slightly movable; nontender on palpation.
Q7: What is Blumberg’s sign?
A7: Rebound tenderness indicating peritoneal inflammation (often in appendicitis).
Q8: What are warning signs of colorectal cancer?
A8: Blood in stool, change in bowel habits, weight loss, feeling of incomplete evacuation.
Q9: What is the recommended age to begin colorectal screening?
A9: Starting at age 45–50, earlier if family history is present.
Q10: What are hemorrhoids and how are they detected?
A10: Dilated veins in the rectum/anus; visible on inspection or felt as soft, tender masses during rectal exam.
🔹 Chapter 27: Female Genitourinary System
Q11: What are expected findings of the cervix on inspection?
A11: Smooth, pink, midline, with small circular external os in nulliparous women; slit-like in multiparous.
Q12: What are normal age-related changes in the aging female GU system?
A12: Vaginal atrophy, dryness, thinning mucosa, decreased pubic hair, and smaller uterus/ovaries.
Q13: What does a normal bimanual exam reveal?
A13: Uterus is smooth, firm, and anteverted; ovaries are small (3 cm), firm, and freely movable.
Q14: What is the current cervical cancer screening guideline?
A14:
Begin at age 21
21–29: Pap test every 3 years
30–65: Pap + HPV every 5 years or Pap alone every 3 years
Discontinue at 65 if previous tests were normal.
Q15: What is the purpose of a speculum exam?
A15: To visualize the cervix and vaginal walls and to collect specimens for Pap smear or STI testing.
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