Spain and the New World

how many jews were burnt at the stake

30,000

what was the most up to date map and who wrote it

Heinrich Hammer 1490

what percentage of new territory was columbus entitled to

10%

accorrding to who how long would the journey be

astonomer Toscanelli = 2,800 miles

what did Isabella give Columbus

3 ships

2000 maravedi

where was I + F’S crusade to

muslim grenada

who was I’s friend and personal priest who was supportive of C

Juan Perez

what title was C given

Grand Admiral of the sea

how many men did the Pinzons recruit

80

what did C call Guanahani

San Salvador

how was C a cheeky bugger

kept 2 logs

1 secret and one real route

doctor who knew arabic and hebrew

Luis de Torres

on what ship was the sailor who called land land

Pinta

how many men did C leave behind at la navidad

39

what did columbus think cuba was

Japan

called it Isla Juana after prince Juan

violence at Samana Haiti

La nina forced to anchor because of a storm & attacked by natives

seen shrunken heads

journal “natives must be made to fear the spanish”

2 natives wounded and rest escaped

where was the treaty of tordesillas line drawn

2000 km west of Cape Verde

west = Spanish

east = Portuguese

where did C arrive first on his way back to spain

Lisbon Portugal

King John

why did King John claim the right to the new world

Treaty of Alcacovas = all lands west = Portugal

who intervened in the rivalry between Portugal and Spain

Pope Alexander VI

what was C given for his 2nd voyage

17 ships carrying 1200 people

how long were C and Bart imprisoned for

6 weeks

what new settlement did Bart build

Santo Domingo

what happened when C returned to Santo Domingo

calm for a while offering special rights (land and natives)

rebellion coninued

C hung some spaniards and natives

requested help from I + F

what title was C given

viceroy of the indies

who did the spanish send to replace C

Francisco de Bobadilla

effects of smallpox on Hispaniola

1492 = 500,000 natives

1507 = 60,000

how much gold was found in 1504 alone

300kg

encomienda

each spanish settler assigned a group of natives = tribute

labour, goods

in return = “protect” + teach spanish + christianity

who set up the encomienda and developed gold mining in the centre of Haiti

Gov Ovando

Jaragua massacre

killed tainos burning them alive in the meeting house where they had gathered

what fraction went to spanish treasury

2 /3 of gold

1 / 10 all other products

gov agency established in Seville

casa de contratacion (house of trade)

controlled exploration (new lands registered)

controlled all trade with caribbean & prop of profits

Laws of Burgos 1512

ordered by Ferdinand

maintained encomienda

natives treated “kindly” and hours of work regulated & living conditions

must be paid a salary and only reasonable tribute

women maternity leave

encomenderos cannot punish workers = spanish legal system

hurricane 1502

santo domingo

rebuilt and developed as control centre for spanish gov

= extension spanish authority

Hatuey escaped with

300 followers

Caonao massacre killed

2000 natives

how many ships did Magellan have and how many returned

5

1 = Victoria

how many men did magellan start with and how many returned

270

18

what did cortes leave Cuba with

11 ships

600 men

100 Cuban slaves

how big was Tenochtitlan

about 300,000 (larger than any European city)

Aztecs rule how many

5 - 6 mill people

500 small estates

how many massacred at Cholula

3000

how many spanish killed on the night of tears

800

name of the ship builder in mexico

Martin Lopez

how long did it take for news of Cortes’s victory to reach spain

6 months after 3rd letter from C

mexico pop decline

1519 25 mill

1555 6.2 mill

what did they rebuild tenochtitlan as on the ruins of the old city

mexico city

what did cortes do when he was incharge

tribal leaders & high priests hanged & lesser officials = hunting dogs

took tribute remaining chiefs

rebuilt and replaced temples with churches

encomienda

developed industry (manufactured iron, gunpowder and artillery)

agriculture developed

what did Pizarro take on his 1st and 2nd expedition southwards and where did they reach

1st = 80 men 40 horses = reached Columbia

2nd = 2 ships and 180 men and some horses

= reached as far as Columbian San Juan River where he discovered a raft with silver and gold and emeralds

after Pizarros 2nd expedidition who stayed on to explore further

13 men

the famous 13 and journeyed south on an improvised vessel

what authorised Pizarro to conquer peru

the Capitulacion de Toledo

what was Atahuallpa ransomed for

a room full of gold and silver

where was Atahuallpa executed

Cajamarca

consequences of Pizarro

burnt to death inca generals

melted sacred objects

P’s gov based in Lima (Peru)

smallpox reduced pop by 93%

casual raping inca women including Manco’s wife

destruction Inca civ

what percentage of silver and gold went to the spanish treasury ?

25%

by 1550 how many mines were in operation on the silver road

34

where was silver and gold discovered

Zacatecas mountains

Guanajuato region

Potosi mountains (Bolivia)

2 convoys of fighting ships and what were they callled

galleons

tierra firma convoy

new spain convoy

how long did it take for viceroys to make a decision

8 months

8 councillors controlled all administrations justice ad religious matters

Council of the Indies

how did viceroys govern

2 viceroys 1 mexico city and 1 Peru

governed through cabildos (town councils) which managed daily life (local level)

often military men that acted on behalf of spanish gov & appointed by Council of the Indies

justice managed through

audiencias (courts)

New Laws 1542

Charles I

Bartoleme de las casas = given encomienda & witnessed conquistador brutality = made protector of the indies

• illegal enslave natives

• amount of tribute that could be collected = limeted

• encomiendas passed back to spanish gov on death of encomendero

when were the new laws not that successful

forced to suspend + royal agents in charge = exploit natives

what happened as a consequence of the new laws

spain replace natives with enslaved people from africa = spanish merchants given licence to buy slaves from Portugal and sell them onto the New World

revolt led by Gonzalo Pizzaro (conquistador revolt in peru

ruled 2 years then executed

consequence conquistador revolt in Peru

foundation La Paz 1548

administrative centre in Peru = public buildings, churches and street plan

close to trade routes (Potosi and Oruro mines)

Seville

all goods from Europe pass through Casa de Contatacion = merchants taxes and duties on goods traded

monopoly on trade (merchants travel to buy and sell)'

100km inland up river Guadalquivir =diff to attack

merchans demanded a say in the casa so set up

merchants guild = consulado de mercaderes = monopoly to control trade in the spanish colonies and keep prices high

casa de contratacion

no spaniard could sail without permission

collated colonial taxes and duties

established Isabella 1503

licenced captains of ships = attend navigation school Seville

approved voyages & secret map = Padron Real info of trade routes & new land

Council of the Indies

formed 1524

based spain = president & 8 councillors

controlled all matters in new world = discuss dispatches from viceroys

review and recommendations to king

real power = viceroys