CH302 Unit 3 Facts

Boron

-3 covalent bonds

-boric acid: kills ants

-borax: detergent

Nitrogen

-Many oxidation states (-3 to +5)

-Explosives, fertilizer (Haber process)

-Oxides: laughing gas, smog, preservatives

Carbon

-3 allotropes: diamond, graphite, C60

-greenhouse gas CO3-

-CaCO3 limestone

Phosphorus

-fertilizer

-soaps, toothpaste, pesticides

-DNA backbone

Halides (Group 7)

-small atomic radius

-High IE and EN

-ACIDIC oxides and hydrides

Fluoride F-

-Inserts for H+ in tooth enamel to prevent decay

Chlorine

-strong oxidizing agent

-good cleaning/ disinfecting agent

-PVC tube

Noble Gases

-cryogens

-inert gases

-lights

Wet Method

Use of H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) to turn Ca10(PO4)6 (rock) into a soluble form

Ca10(PO4)6 + H2SO4 —> H3PO4

Claus Process

-2 step oxidation process

H2S —> S

Process in the oil rig to produce yellow sulfur

Goes to the contact process

Contact Process

-4 step oxidation

S—> H2SO4

Aluminum

-Building materials, commercial applications

-Made from: Bayer & Hall Process

-Oxides: form gemstones

Alkali Metals (Group 1)

-Large atomic radius

-Low IE and EN

-Easy to oxidize

-BASIC oxides & hydrides

Beryllium

-Covalent bonds

-small size because ability to attract e-

Calcium

-strengthen teeth

-building materials

Mg²⁺

-In chlorophyll

-INCREASE rigidness to prevent energy loss

Modern Batteries

Made with solids to prevent material loss

Inefficient Batteries

Produce HEAT instead of work.

Control of heat dissipation for practicality and safety

Lighter batteries

Low mass density, HIGH CHARGE DENSITY (eg. Li)

Primary Battery

-Single use

-Alkali battery: common use, household

-Zn-C

-Zn-Air & Zn-Hg: hearing aids

Secondary Battery

-Rechargeable, reactions contained in the casing, more environmentally friendly

-Li-Ion: electric vehicles

-Lead-Acid: gas vehicles

-NiMH: household, beginning to replace NiCd

-NiCd: household

Ways to Prevent Rust

-Decrease exposure to H2O and air

-Galvanization: Zn

-Sacrificial Electrodes: Mg, Al

-Stainless Steal: V and Cr

-Waxes & Coating