psych personality disorders

how poeple think of severly mentally ill

adam lanza and omar mateen

there is a ____ _____ and ___ in language that can effect how we percieve mental illness, for example

generational divide shift

ex: someone is strugglingw ith their mental health, more associated with normalized mental illnesses 

a lot of  young people have been through the pandemic and if you’re coming of age, one thing that happens during that time is _______ _____ and ______ bc of the stressful experiences, a lot going on and things uncertain 

significant anxiety, depression  

in terms of anxiety and depression, are the rates higher or lower now after covid? Has it gone down or up after the peak

higher bit'/got down from the peak. 

true or false, mental disorders are smth that we don’t have an attitude towards

false

explain the interaction study

what were they trying to measure

what percentage of indivs were willing to interact with someone that has been hospitalized with panic disoder/control

what 2 mental illnesses did it drop for and what percentage were people iwlling to itneract with the lease one

there’s this interaction study that asks if you’ve been hospitalized or nont either no, yes panic disorder, yes depression, yes schizophrenia

measured: your willingness to interact with someone who has or has not been in the hospital

they found in control condition, 9o percent of hte indivs are willing to interact with someone that has been hospitalized with panic disoder /control

drop with someoen that has been hospitalized for depression, drop again for those who have been hospitalized for schizophrenia, less than 5o percent

the more those with mental illnesses believe that others will have a negative reaction with those with mental disorders, the…….

the less likely they will report that they need help

what is psychopathology 

a disorder of the mind 

the overrachring category 

why does cultural context shape the way we consider what is abdnormal

there is some _____ _____

what is Taijin Kyofusho

what can there be across different cultures regarding mental disorders, but what remains true to each culture and mental disorders

what sets the norm, waht do cultural norms set the norm for

psychological disorders exist globally but there is some cultural bariation

ex: taijin kyofusho-japan mental disorder: people are afriad to interact with others bc they feel like parts of their body don’t smell good

there are similarities between mental disorders but it can be specific on the culture

it has to be abnormal and our cultural norms set the ocntext for us of what is considered normal vs deviant

about how many americans will suffer from a psychological disorder at some point in their lives

how many will be severely effected

about half of americans will suffer from a psychological disorder at some point in their lives

however only 7 percent iwll be severly effected

what is abnormal vs atypical 

a lot of ppl in our society are atypical, aren’t normal like beyonce, steve jobs, etc 

just bc you’re atypical does not mean you have a psychological disorder 

abnormal: behaviors that deviate from typical functioning

what are the 3 criteria for abnormal,

3 d’s

which one does cultural context effect

deviant” behavior that violates the norms of what’s expected, one of the ways that cultural context matters bc what is deviant here might not be deviant somewhere else, have ot think of where you are before consideering if it’s deviant

maladaptive/dysfunctional : interferes with functioning, danger to yourself or danger to others, losing touch between reality and your experiences

personal distress: behavior must lead to personal distress, pretty standard

what are the three deviants

deviant, dysfunctional, and distressing

if you meet all 3 it’s abnormal, but you don’t always have to meet all 3

emphasize maladaptive the most, but you need all of them to have a mental disorder

behaviors can vary from being ____ to ____, it’s a _____ ____

however behavior can be _____ vs _____ depending on the ____ _______

functional, dysfunctional, sliding scale 

functional, dysfunctional, social context 

what is the diagnostic criteria

what does it give us

what kind fo assesment is done

what is included in the assessments

true or false, you can observe behavior on certain tasks

what is a way to label dimensia and who must it be done by

DSM5TR

a set of criteria that a person is required to meet to be diagnosed with a specific disorder

a standardized assesment

there are also guidelines to assessments

true

labeling numbers on clock is good for labeling dimensia, must be done by a professional

how does the DSM sort disorders

what do the distinguising features result in

cany ou have more than 1 diagnosis, how common is this

waht does comorbidity mean

what are the 3 psoitives about the DSM-5-TR

in categories

diff diagnostic labels

yes, v common

when ppl ahve 2 or more diagnoses, we call that comorbidity=multiple disorders at the same time

standard evlauation criteria

common basis for communication - diff scientists have hte same definition for a mental disorder

enables research and treatment

soem disorders that go together 

depression and anxiety occur together-comorbid 

diagnostic and statistic anual of disorders -text reviison, not enough to make a new edition

what are the cons of the DSM 

entirely categorical, you have this disorder or you don’t, doesn’t deal with spectrum

focuses on problems, disorder-focused 

labels open risk of stigma, continues the cycle of stigma 

what is the biological approach what kind of model is this

the root of psychological disorder is essentialy biological

we see them as physical illnesses that need to be treated via medication

doesn’t acount for everything realted to mental disorders

medical model

what is the psychlogical model

focuses on our internal psych epxeirences like emotions, trauma, our personality, our childhood experiences can inform our disorders,

abnormal behaviors are learned

ex like cognitive behavioral therapists

what is the sociocultural model 

approaches psych disorders as a mitch match between

interactions between people and their behaviors and their contexts

perfered model/ biopsychosocial model

the best model is all of them smooshed together

bio+ psych+sociocultural model

consider influences of all these groups + how they interact

what is the vulnerability stress model, also called the diathysis stress model

childhood trauma can influence genetic pedisposition OR vice versa

biological factors interacting with personal experiences

can cause diathesis: vulnerability to mental disorders

minimal stress= lower porability of mental disorder

excessive stress= increased probability of developing a mental disorder

psychological disroders…

tend to be _____ common than people think, take ____ forms, are diagnosed using the _____ _____, arise from an interaction of ____, ____ and _____ factors

more, many, DSM-5-TR, biolgoical, social, and environmental factors

anxiety disorders

is a ___, _____ ___ stae, and _____ ____

anxiety does prepare us for _____, to ___ ____

let’s us respond in _____ ways

it can also be seen as ____ _____ and anxiety over situations that aren’t ____

what does it interfere with

how common is it, how many audlts experience it

what percentage of people have it in a year

tense, negative emotional, high arousal

action, to pay attention

adaptive

excessive fear, dangerous 

interferes with our functioining

most common type of mental disorder, 1/3 of adults experience anxiety disorder

19 to 2o percent of people have it in a year 

what are commons symptoms

what is apprehension are people with anxiety more or less likekly to think a bad thing happening is worse than usual and what is this called

muscle tension, restlessness-can lead to chronic fatigue 

hyperactivity-excessive arousal like dizziness and racing heart 

apprehension-tend to focus on potential danger and threats remembering a threatening vs non threatening event 

more, a magnification to a threat

generalized anxiety disorder : GAD

how long does the persisten anxiety need to last and what must it not have

what are they in a constant state of

what do they have a pattern of ?

what is the etiology of GAD and why

does harsh self standards increase or decrease the risk of this disorder and why

what percentage of people does this effect and which gender does it effect more

atelast six months without a speciifc cause

constant state of worrying

pattern of hypervigilance, people are constantly on the lookout, very easily distracted, irritable and fatigued

etiology-GABA deficiency-the brains off switch, without enough GABA you’re not able to shut down some of that activity which can lead to constant activation of anxiety

increase risk bc of a tendency towards negative thoughts

under six percent of pop, women

panic disorder 

what is the definition

what do they also worry about

what is the duration that they ocur

what are some symptoms

what are the 3 risk factors

what percentage of people are effected, who are more likely to get it

Recurring sudden episodes of intense terror 

worry about future attacks, happen for 2o minutes or less 

-chest pain/trembling, shortness of breath, hyperventilation, dizziness, heart palpatations, numbness or tingling and feeling helpless 

risk factors: ppl with this tend to have higher levels of lactate, also causal to an extent,

condiitoned response to CO2, overgeneralization or fear learning 

affects abt three percent of ppl, women

specific phobia 

what is the definition

what do people do to avoid it

what are the 3 factors for etiology

persistent excessive fear of an object or situation 

treies to avoid exposure of the trigger

etiology-through learning

biological factors

family history of mental illness

what are common phobias

snakes, spider, heights, flying

ushe end in obia

social anxiety disorder 

what is the definition

how do they relieve it

at what age can it develop

the more social fear you have, the more likely you’ll ____ ____ ___ becuase it’s a _____

what are the 2 reasons regarding etiology

intense fear of being humilliated or embarassed in social situations 

they avoid situations that could cause negative social situations 

can develop early age of 13+

devleop other things, comorbidity

etiology-biology and oxytocin.

Oxytocin deficiency/imbalance is what turns our fear response off and helps us feel safer and bonded to other people, also learning, 

biology: due to difference in amygdala activation you can be more likely to develop social anxiety

obsessive complusive disorders

is it an anxiety disorder

what are ob

no, but it’s considered related to anxiety

obsessions-frequent intrusive thoughts

compulsions-behaviors or rituals that one feels compelled to perform 

these thoughts become reactivated

cleaning, checking and counting are the most frequent compulsions

worrying that you didn’t do something

etiology-

glutamat plays a role, ovveractivity of impulse constantly hitting your thalamus

avoidance learning

if we learn tht performing tha copulduion helps us to avoid that outcome, were’ more liekly to do that ocmpulsion

PTSD

what is the definition

what is it related to

intrusive thouoghts that are recurring, unwanted and invasive

related to a traumatic event

what is truama defined as

is it single or repeated

is it an even you experienced or an event that someone else experienced

ny event that overwhelms are ability to cope could be traumatic

both

DSM-5 says both

prevalance for PTSD

what is the lifetime and yearly pirevalence

what population is it high in

what is the prevalance for those that are in the military

which other group is ___ times more liekly to be diagnosed with PTSD

lifetime prevalence is 7 percent and 4 percent in a given year, high in populations like the military

6-35 percent ofr in the military

sexual assault survivors, 6

what are some common experiences for those with PTSD

what can it be triggered by

flashbacks, it’s like you’re reliving that trauma

nightmares

distressing memories, intrusive thoughts that people don’t want to have

physiological reactions

impulsive outbursts

issues with memory concentration or anxiety

emotional numbness

triggered by external cues or internal thoughts

where does etiology come from, the more extreme the ….

explain the experience in nnorthern illinois university

Genetics, in northern illlinois university, there was a ____ ____ and they tracked ____ and their responses and sort them into groups over time of students that developed symptoms that would qualify themf or PTSD or not, there were diff between them as genetic marker realted to _____ ____ , dysregulation in ____ _____ that _____ risk for developing PTSD

those with PTSD have two things, ___, which means that they have a ____ volume in their _____

and _____ meaning that

experiences- from trauma, the higher the stress level

school shooting, students, serotonin function, serotonin sysstem, increases

Memory system dysfunction-have a smaller volume in their hippocampus

failure of extinction learning-they have trouble getting rid of the stimulus/strong physical reaction even when a negative experience doens’t happen with it again

dissociative disorders

what is the definition

what is it related to

disruptions of identity, memory or concscious awareness 

related to  experiences of extreme stress 

what is disociative amnesia

what can it happen with or without

dissociative amnesia-you forget aspects of who you are and or loose autobiographical info of an event, or period of time

can happen with or without dissociative fugue, which is when there is sudden travel and you forget who/wher you are and where you came from

what is didsociative identity disorder/sometimes DID

what is the def

is it the least or more severe of these disorder

what gender is it seen the most in, to what level is their abuse usually

1 person has 2 or more distinct identities, multiple personality disorder

most sever

women, extreme abuse

expressed one at a time and each personality has it’s own set of memories, traits and characterists, behaiors adn relationships

controversial bc maybe it’s a leanred response to extreme stress and segmenting parts of who they are and a therapist treating you like you have diff personalities is encouraignng it , we should similar responses of this for people that have experience the same level of trauma

it’s not entirely a social construction which is why it’s controversial

the fact hat we still see it in palces that is not socialized means that there is osmething there

depressive disorders

what is the prime symptom

what are the two factors that make depressive disorder

it’s the ____ cause and risk factor of ____ worldwide and ___

why are depressive disorders seen as pernicious/harmful

prime symptom is depression-an unreleenting lack of pleasure in life

the presence of a negative mood + physical symptoms

leading, disabilities, suicide

bc sometimes you don’t see the signs outwardly but they’re there

how long does major depression have to be minimum

what does one of the symptoms have to be

what are some of the symptoms

all of the symptoms have to be severe enough that your ___ ___ is ____

what is the prevalence for adults

what percentage of people does it affect at any given time

at least 2 weeks 

one of the symptoms MUST be depressed mood or loss of interest in pleasurable activities

-extra: sleep and appetite disturbances 

-fatigue 

-issues with concentrating and making decisions 

-feeling worthless, thoughts of death or suicide 

daily funcitoning, iimpaired 

-last on average abt six months 

prevalence: 16--2o perent for adults 

affects 8 percent of americans at any given time 

what is persistent depressive disorder

how long must it last atleast for adults

what is the difference between persistent depressive disorder and major depressive disorder/just the def

you can’t go more than ____ months without symptoms to have this

what percentage of the population does this effect

how many years must it last for children

which kind of depression does acute go with

which kind of depression does not acute go with

two years

similar symptoms that are less severe and for longer durations

2

about two percent

must last one year minimum for children

acute=major depression

not acute=persistent depressive disorder

rates of depression_____ by 5o percent, but there is a particular rise among ____ ____ and even when ___ ___aren’t saying they have it, they’re saying they see it in other ppl their age

depression is _____ common in_____, ___ times more likely to have it

increased, 5o percent, young people, young people, more, women, 2

gender differences

women are more likely too __ ____, so it’s easier to diagnose women

disorders can be ____ vs ____

where ___ is, and ___ is

which is more common in women and which is more common in men

women are more likely to seek help so it’s easier to diagnose it more in women 

disorders can be internalizing vs externalixing 

internalizing=negative emotions, anxiety, depression, panic disorder, more common in women 

externalizing: characterizzed by outward behaviors and disinhibition 

ex: alcoholism/ addictions , conduct disorders,a cting out against disorders, antisocial behavior 

mroe common in men 

depression is ____ in young people, more common in ______ and , more common among people from____ bc of ___  and _____

which causes negative mental health outcomes, this is called the ____ ____ ____

the way we talk about depression ____ across ____

increasing, girls/women, marginalized groups and those living in poverty

pejudice+ discrimination causes negative mental health outcomes: minoritisy stress model

we can see depression globally ind eveloopoing countries

thew ay that we talk about depression varies across cultures. Ex: you can’t say thing slike i can’t say things like i think i might be depressed

explain the cognitive triad

what two things fuel the cognitive triad

what does this cause

more specifically what two things keep this wheel going

are people with this more or less liekly to ruminate or replay negative experiences over and over/experiences that make you feel bad

what does it mean when they say that those with this have pessimistic attributions(internal and external attributions)

rumination and pessimistic attributions

their way of thinking causes risk factors that maintain and sustain this way of thinking

they feel helpless in a situation with lack of motivation + future timelessness will last forever

causes self personal defects(negative perosnlaity traits or behaviors that hinder perosnal growth, relationships, and goals

ppl witht his are more liekly to ruminate

AND: pessimisitc attrivutions: ppl with depression tend to think that bad things hapen bc of who they are, internal attributions for negative events and external attributions for positive events 

what is the etiology with depression

END OF PT 1

what 4 factors play a role in depression

what percentage does hte biggest one have in effecting depression

genetics-genes explain forty percent of the rates of depressoin

less strong for bipolar or schizophrenia 

neurotransmitters: fever transmitters for things like norepinephrine, serotonine, and dopamine

stress and negative life events

lack of social support-when ppl feel like they have other sin their life to talk abt negative events with they’re less likely to end up in these cycle

what psychological disorder is a failure of fear extinction learning

PTSD

definition of bipolar disorder-maniic episode ,

how many cycles per year

how many months between cycles

manic episode: abnormally elevated mood, feel great, tend to have higher self esteem, can do anything, increases risk taking, decreased need for sleep, very talkative/racing thoughts

1-2 cycles per year

6-12 months

describe bipolar 1 

____ + ______

how often in a day will you experience mania for atleast how long

can it or can it not be disrupted in daily life

by extreme mania+ depression

, a full onset of a manic episode-meaning you’re experiencing mania for most of the day for atleast a week 

both the mania ande depresson can be disreputed in daily life, both sides

describe bipolar 2

what is the main difference between BP1 and BP2

what two things does BP 2 have

how long does the mania last

which one is more harmful, the mania or the depression

is bipolar more or less common than depression

which gender is it more common in?

reduced form of mania

hypomania=isn’t a full on episode of mania but still have elevtated mood, reduced need for sleep, etc AND depression

mania only lasts for 4 days

depressive swings are more harmful than the hypomanic phases, diff patterns of interruption of dialy functioning 

bipolar is less common than depression and is equally common in men and owmen 

what are the 3 risk factors for bipolar

genetics-the numbe rone risk facotr is a family history,

changes in brain activity-higher levels in glutamate, higher levels of brain activity

oversensitivty to reward in manic phase (less activie in depressive phases(

what are depression and bipolar commonly linked to

how many more suicides are there in comparison to homicides

for people in the age of ___ to ____, suicide is the __ leading cause after an accident

depression and bipolar are commonly linked to suicide

there are 2.5 more suicides as homicides

for people in the age of 1o-24, suicide is the 2nd leading cause after an accident

risk factors of suicide 

always

specific plans

history of injury or self harm

other:

when ppl don’t feel like they belong, feel like. a burden tend to lead to a desire to this circumstance 

factor 2: history or ability or capability of desensization-those things desensitize us to pain and tends to us to be more liekly to continue to trya nd harm ourselves

schitzophrenia

what is it also called

what are common symptoms

what is psychosis

when is it often diagnosed

does it exist mostly in the US or everywhere

what is the prevalance

are the rates more common in men or in women

it’s much more severe-called splitting of the mind

abnormal behavior, thoughts, perceptions, and consciousness

psychosis: ppl with schitzo loose touch with reality, psychosis=dissosociation from relatiy

it’s debilititating, often diagnosed in early adulthood

it exists everywehre, similar across culture

not very common, prevalance is abt 1 percent, still increadibly disruptive

similar rates in men and in women

schitzophrenia can be divided into two categories

____ symptoms and _____ symptoms

explain them both + give examples of both

what is anhedonia and the flat effect

divide symptoms into two categories

positive symptoms: addition of things that wouldn’t normally take place

-hallucinations, most common auditory(hearing voices), delusions, false beliefs based on incorrect things of society, delusions of persecutions

patterns of disorganized thoughts/ speech, disorganized movements

negative sympotms: removing things

flat affect-don’t have any emotional displays, dont make faces, voice modulations, etc anhedonia-inability to feel pleasure, tjihings that make you happy don’t anymore, lack of interest in socializing/asocial

what are the risk factors of schizophrenia

what is the strongest risk factor

what are the other 5 risk factors

what is referential thinking

genetics is the strongerst one, if someone in your family had it 

differecnes inb rain structure: enlarged verticals, smaller prefrontal cortex 

overpruning synaptic connections in adolescenc

increased dopamine and glutamate

pre natal enviro, babies were born in late winter or early spring, bc their mothers may have gotten a viral infeciton which increases the risk

Genes adn enviro interaction: int with genes and stressful family home 

referential thinking: when we think that things are about us, but it’snot 

how is social support related to schitzophrenai

give examples of these outcomes

it helps improve the outocmes with those that have schitzophrenia

tend to end up with less frequent hospital admissions, shorter durations of hospital vistis, less ever symptoms

descrbie the outocme paradox

why is this the case

if you look at outcomes with those with schitzo they are better for folks in developing countries than in western industrialized countries

bc generally folks family members and friends are most accepting in developing countries so they are able to experience more support which helps ot improve their outcomes

makes ppl more likely to stick with their treatment plans

why is early intervention with schitzophrenia important

we keep the ____ in _____ ____ if we treat the psychosis earllier

bc the longer they have psychosis  without treamtnet the worse their prognosis becomes 

psychosis in check

generla info about personality disorder

what two aspects are usually present in this mental illness and what do they both mean

which one do people ususally tend to ahve

ppl tend to interact with the world in maladaptive ways

inflexible and enduring behavioral patterns that impair funcitoning

when those tendencies are oth maladaptive and inflexible, they tend ot interfere with our ability to function

what are symtpoms for those with borderline personality disorder

what is schizophrenia independent

Auto eccentric relationship, have issues forming relationships with others , displaying strange ad erratic patterns of behavior

those with schizophronia that are able ot live by themselves

EXAM: know the discription for schitoz independent , figure 6 MUST know figure 6

anitsocial personality disorder

what do they lack

when they pursue gratification what do they not do

where is their level of arousal

what feelings are htey low in

how does their brain react to seeing others show their emotions

what are other symptoms of their behavior and what does it make it easier to do

who is it more common in

what is the prevalance

lack empathy and remorse-big symptom

pursue gratification without considering others, don’t care if it hurts others

lower arousal, meaning lower fear, anxiety , etc  

when they look at ppl that are showing these emotions, they have lower brain reactivity to it

lots of lying and dcriminal behavior, easier to manipulate ppl like therapists and lie detectors

more common in men than women

prevelance is between 1 and 4 percent

general info about borderline personality disorder 

what is the definition

what do they have a poor amount of

what is their two top fears

are they stable or unstable

describe their mood swings

describe their sense of self

how do they view the world

what is a common characteristic in their relationship

waht are they prone to

what is the prevalance rate

who si it more common in gender wise

long-term patterns of unstable emotions, impulsive actions, and turbulent relationships

poor self-control

fear of abandonment and being alone

unstable:

affect: emotionally unstable. can go from happy to angry to sad, heavy mood swings

sense of self: display lot’s of change in understanding of who they are, their goals, etc

relationships:

-can be manipulative others in terms of their relationship

viewing hte world as black or white: splitting-you’re either with me or against me type thinnking 

prone to self harm 

1-2 percent, more comon in women

what is the etiology of BPD 

genetics

reduced frontal lobe functioning 

enviro-malnutrition in childhood can increase it 

extreme childhood trauama and abuse can predict it

what are early signs that are looked for after being age 15 that could hint at having this 

f they have patterns of theft, destruction of property, high levels of aggression/harming others

hurting animals

deception

trying to reshift this can help with preventing this 

what are neurodevelopment disorders

disorders that we look for and diagnose in childhood

what is autism sepctrum disorder

what are symptoms

is it categorical or spectrum in terms of severity and sysmtpoms

what are the two common symptoms

what is another one

previously asperger’s syndrome

ppl can fall anywhere on the spectrum of severity, variation in symptoms

defecits in communicaiton and interactions

repetitive behaviors, circumscriped interests-means that people hav eone area or topic that they are particularly interested in, become experts in

can go from not being able to be by yourself to being one of the smartest people in the room

which gender is it more common in and by how many times

what is key for this disorder

1 percent estimates are increasing rapidly 

4 times more common in boys 

early intervention is key 

what is the etiology of autism spectrum disorder

what is the illusory correlation

what are the two big reasons for autism spectrum disorder

it’s not parenting or vaccines

illusory correlation-people predict that there is a relationship between two varaiables when there isn’t or it’s very small

diffs in language processing area of the brain called broca’s area

diffs in mera neurons, we see diff patterns of activation in mera neurons, affects imitation and theory of mind, diff pattenrs of reward of the brain

variety of risk factors

what is ADHD

what are the 3 variables that are apart of ADHD and what do they mean

what are the 3 ways that you can have ADHD

what is it called when you have all 3 variables

how long do you have to look back from when looking at the criteria

inattention

hyperactivity-like fidgeting or running around wheny ou hsould b e still

impulsivity-acting without planning or thinking things through

predominately inattentive, predominatly hyperactive/ impulsive, or alll 3,

combined presentaiton: you have both inattention and hyperactivity or impulsivity

lookn at the last 6 moths there are seperate criteria for both

whatistheprevalance

do they have better or worse academic outcomes

how is their relationship

are they more or less likely to end up in the criminal system and become deliquents

prevelance is 6 percent globally but higher in the US 

are we over diagnosing? 

does it pathologize what is actually normal behavior 

tend to show worse academic outcomes 

wose peer relationships 

more likely to end up in the criminal justice systema nd be deliquents 

general info about eating disorders

anorexia nervosa

anorexia bullimia

what are the two factors of it?

why do they underrate?

what is binge eating disorder

who is it more common in

anorexia nervose: chronically undereating due to fear of gaining wieght

-distorted body image

bulllimia nervose-bing eating and purging

impulsive relationship with food, eat a lot and feel bad about it so then thrwo it all up, show preoccupation with food and high stress levels/anxiety with food

fear of being overweight which leads to udnerating , association with shame and guilt which is bad

bing eating disorder: binge eating without purging

more common in girls than women

etiology

what is anorexia nervosas etiology

what is anorexia bullimias etiology

what it the most direct etiology

perfectionism, if you have this tendency of wanting to be perfect

Bulimia: predicted by high levels of perfecitonism with low self-efficacy

most direclt linked to physica health, can lead to organ damage

what are examples of treatment 

medication, other biological treamtnets, therapy-BIGGEST one

-types

context: family, group, couple , indiv 

cognitive behavioral therapy/CBT: 

what does negative explanatory style continue

negative explanatory style continues this depressed cycle, so they make changes to cognitive ad behavioral changes

what is the ABC model

explains why we thnk and feel and do the things that we do

Activating event-anything that actually happens to us, any situation

Belief: what we think about the sitch

Consequence: the result and our belief abt the sitch, how we feel or what we do after the sitch

try and avoid the stich if you can, if not then try and change the belief

you can also change the consequence, by doing debriefing after the consequence