Trigger 2, RAD ANA: Human Body

Ma'am Daph's Hand-Outs

anatomy

anatomy

the study, classification, and description of the structure and organs of the human body

physiology

deals with the processes and functions of the body, or how the body parts work.

• chemical

• cellular

• tissue

• organ

• organ system

• organism

levels of structural organization

chemical

the lowest level of structural organization in a human body is, what?

atoms

All chemicals necessary for maintaining life are composed of, what?

molecules

atoms are joined in various ways to form, what?

cells

various chemicals in the form of molecules are organized to form, what?

• the basic structural and functional unit of all living tissue

tissues

cohesive groups of similar cells that, together with their intercellular material, perform a specific fucntion

• epithelial

• connective

• muscular

• nervous

basic types of tissues:

epithelial tissue

cover internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and organs, such as the stomach and the intestines

connective tissue

supportive tissues that bind together and support various structures

muscular tissue

tissues that make up the substance of a muscle

nervous tissue

Tissues that make up the substance of nerves and nerve centers

organs

when complex assemblies of tissues are joined to perform a specific function, the result is a/an what?

system

consists of a group or an association of organs that have a similar or common function

ten

how many body system are there in the body?

organism

• the 10 systems of the body when functioning together make up the, what?

• one living being

• skeletal

• circulatory

• digestive

• respiratory

• urinary

• reproductive

• nervous

• muscular

• endocrine

• intergumentary

body systems of the human body

206

how many bones are there in an adult human body?

osteology

study of bones

arthrology

study of joints

• support & protect the body

• allow movement through interaction w/ muscles

• to produce blood cells

• to store calcium

functions of the skeletal system are:

• cardiovascular organs

• lymphatic system

the circulatory system is composed of the following:

• distribute oxygen & nutrients to cells of the body

• carry cell waste & carbon dioxide from cells

• protect against disease

• transport water, electrolytes, hormones & enzymes

• prevent hemorrhage by forming blood clots

• help regulate body temperature

functions of the circulatory system are:

• prepares food for absorption by the cells

• to eliminate solid waste from the body

functions of the digestive system are:

• supply oxygen to blood and into cells

• eliminate carbon dioxide from blood

• regulates acid-base balance of blood

functions of the respiratory system are:

• regulate chemical composition of the blood

• elimenate many watse products

• regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and volume

• maintain the acid-base balance of the body

functions of the urinary system are:

• to produce, transport, and store germ cells

• to reproduce the organism

functions of the reproductive system are:

• to coordinate voluntary and involuntary body activities

• transmit electrical impulses to various parts of the body and brain

functions of the nervous system are:

• allow movement such as locomotion

• to maintain posture

• to produce heat

functions of the muscular system are:

• regulate bodily activities through various hormones

function of the endocrine system:

• regulate body temperature

• protect the body against microbial invasion and mechanical, chemical, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage

• eliminate waste products through perspiration

• receive certain stimuli (temperature, pressure, pain)

• synthesize certain vitamins (e.g., vitamin D) and biochemicals

functions of the integumentary system are:

sesamoid bones

• a special type of small, oval-shaped bone that is embedded in certain tendons (most often near joints).

• not counted as part of the normal axial or appendicular skeleton except for the two patellae, the largest sesamoid bones.

• also located in posterior foot at the base of first toe.

• In upper limb, are found commonly in tendons near anterior surface of the hand at the base of the thumb.

patellae

what are the two largest sesamoid bones?

• long bones

• short bones

• flat bones

• irregular bones

classification of bones according to shape:

long bones

• consist of a body and two ends or extremities

• found only in the appendicular skeleton

humerus, femur

examples of long bones:

8 carpal bones, 7 tarsal bones

examples of short bones:

calvaria (skull cap), sternum, ribs, scapulae

examples of flat bones:

short bone

• are roughly cuboidal and are found only in the wrists and ankles.

• consist mainly of cancellous tissue with a thin outer covering of compact bone.

flat bones

• consist of two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and bone marrow between them

• provide protection for interior contents and broad surfaces for muscle attachment.

irregular bones

bones that have peculiar shapes

• vertebrae

• facial bones

• bones of the base of the cranium

• bones of the pelvis

examples of irregular bones:

ossification

process by which bones form within the body

• fibrous membranes

• hyaline cartilage

the embryonic skeleton is composed of:

sixth embryonic week, which then continues until adulthood

when does ossification begins?

• intramembranous ossification

• endochondral ossification

types of bone formation:

intramembranous ossification

• when bone replaces memebranes

• occurs rapidly and takes place in bones that are needed for protection, such as sutures of the flat bones of the calvaria (skullcap), which are centers of growth in early bone development

endochondral ossification

• intracartilaginous ossification

• when bone replaces cartilage

• much slower than intramembranous ossification

• occurs in most parts of the skeleton, especially in the long bones.

• functional

• structural

classification of joints:

synarthrosis

classification of joint: functional (in relation to their mobility or lack of mobility)

• immovable joint

amphiarthrosis

classification of joint: functional (in relation to their mobility or lack of mobility)

• joint with limited movement

diarthrosis

classification of joint: functional (in relation to their mobility or lack of mobility)

• freely movable joint

structural joints

classification of joint

• the primary classification system of joints

• based of the three types of tissues that separate the ends of bones in the different joints

  • fibrous joints

  • cartilaginous joint

  • synovial joint

fibrous joints

classification of joint: structural

lacks joint cavity; the adjoining bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue

• syndesmoses

• sutures

• gomphosis

syndesmoses

type of fibrous joint

• held together by interosseous ligaments and slender fibrous cords

• allow slight movement

• amphiarthrodial

• e.g., distal tibiofibular joint, sacroiliac junction

sutures

type of fibrous joint

• found only between bones in the skull

• movement is very limited at these articulations

• immovable, or synarthrodial joints

gomphosis

type of fibrous joint

• unique type of joint, with very limited movement

• e.g., roots of teeth

cartilaginous joints

classification of joint: structural

lacks joint cavity; the articulating bones are held together tightly by cartilage; allow little or no movement

• symphyses

• synchondroses

symphyses

type of cartilaginous joint

• presence of a broad, flattened disk of fibrocartilage between two contiguous bony surfaces

• form relatively thick pads

• are capable of being compressed or displaced

• allow some movement, slightly moveable (amphiarthrodial joints)

• e.g., intervertebral disks and symphysis pubis

synchondroses

type of cartilaginous joint

• a temporary form of joint wherein the connecting hyaline cartilage is converted into bone at adulthood.

• immovable, synarthrodial joint

• e.g., epiphyseal plates three-part union of the pelvis (forms acetabulum for hip joint)

synovial joints

classification of joint: structural

• freely movable joints; diarthrodial joints

• found in the upper and lower limbs, which are characterized by a fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid

• plane (gliding)

• ginglymus (hinge)

• trochoid (pivot)

• ellipsoid (condylar)

• sellar (saddle)

• spheroidal (ball & socket)

• bicondylar

movement types of synovial joints:

plane joints

movement type of synovial joints

• least movement

• sliding or gliding motion between articulating surfaces

• gliding joints

• intermetacarpal

• carpometacarpal

• intercarpal

• c1 and c2 vertebrae

examples of plane (glinding) joints:

ginglymus

movement type of synovial joints

• least movement

• flexion and extension movements only

• articular fibrous capsule is thin on surfaces where bending takes place but;

• but strong collateral ligaments firmly secure the bones at the lateral margins of the fibrous capsule

• hinge joints

• interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes

• elbow joint

examples of ginglymi (hinge) joints:

pivot joint

movement type of synovial joints

• formed by a bony, pivot-like process that is surrounded by a ring of ligaments or a bony structure or both.

• rotational movements around a single axis

• trochoid joints

• proximal and distal radioulnar joints of forearm

• odontoid process (dens) of axis (C2)

• anterior arch of the atlas (C1)

examples of pivot (trochoid) joints:

ellipsoid joints

movement type of synovial joints

• movement occurs primarily in one plane and is combined with a slight degree of rotation at an axis at right angles to the primary plane of movement

• rotational movement is limited by associated ligaments and tendons.

• condylar joints

• allows the four primary directional movements (including circumduction)

  • flexion and extension

  • abduction and adduction

• flexion

• extension

• abduction

• adduction

what are the primary directional movements?

• metacarpophalangeal joints (fingers, wrist joint)

• metatarsophalengeal joins (toes)

examples of ellipsoid (condylar) joints:

saddle joints

movement type of synovial joints

• describes this joint structure well in that the ends of the bones are shaped concave-convex and are positioned opposite each other

• movements, similar to ellipoid joints: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

• sellar joints

• 1st carpometacarpal joint

• angkle joint

• calcaneocuboid joints

examples of sellar (saddle) joints:

ball and socket joints

movement type of synovial joints

• allows for the greatest freedom of motion.

• capable of motion around an almost indefinite number of axes, with one common center

• greater the depth of the socket, the more limited is the movement; the deeper joint is stronger and more stable

• movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and medial and lateral rotation.

• spheroidal joints

• hip joint

• shoulder joint

examples of ball and socket (spheroidal) joints:

bicondylar joints

movement type of synovial joints

• movement in a single direction

• can permit limited rotation

• are formed by two convex condyles, which may be encased by a fibrous capsule.

• knee

• temporomandibular joint

examples of bicondylar joints: