Urban Issues and Challenges - up to challenges of London(Split up rio cards and revamp london)

city boi

urban area

an area of many man-made infrastructure

urbanisation

an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas

Levels of urbanisation between HICs vs LICs

highest in HICS

lowest in LICs

What happened to the world population and the urban population between 1950 and 2015?

World pop doubled

Urban pop more than tripled

urban area

a built up area i.e. towns, cities

rural area

an area of countryside

natural increase

when BR > DR

push facttors

the reality of the current situation for the migrant - what makes them consider leaving the place of origin

pull factors

factors affecting why the migrant wants to move to the desired place

examples of push factors

no more jobs

deforestation

not as advanced tech

poor QoL

poor education

poverty

food/water insecurity

examples of pull factors

higher paying jobs

more tech(advanced)

better QoL

Good education

better opportunities in urban areas in LICs due to industry development

millionaire cities

cities with > 1 million people

megacities

cities with over 10 million

(20 of them in 2009, 15 of them being in LICs)

world cities

cities which have a major impact on world events

major financial/political/cultural places

examples of world cities

London

NYC

(they are alpha++ cities, like the world cities final bosses)

Hong Kong

Beijing

Paris

Dubai

Rates of urbanisation between HICs LICs and NEEs

slowest/declining in HICs

rapid in NEEs

fastest in LICs

Reasons for rate of urbanisation in HICs

many people in HICs are being pushed away from overcrowded cities into rural settlements

examples of HICs

UK

Germany

Japan

America

Reasons for rate of urbanisation in NEEs

key trade hub cities are seeing investment from gov and TNCs

i.e. Lagos, NIgeria

examples of NEEs

India

Brazil

China

Reasons for rate of urbanisation in LICs

cities experience higher natural increase levels in population

Push-pull factors lead to high rates of rural urban migration

New economic development is being focused in the big cities via low cost manufacturing of textiles garments and bases

examples of LICs

Vietnam

Bangladesh

Phillipines

How does the speed of economic development affect urbanisation?

economic growth tdrives urbanisation

faster the growth of 2nd and 3rdary sectors, the faster the growth of urbanisation

How does the rate of population growth affect urbanisation?

Economic growth demands a supply of labour which can be achieved by:

Natural increase in urban population

Rural urban migration(more important source of labour as it attracts a wider pool of people)

How does natural increase affect urbanisation?

accounts for around 60% of urban pop. growth

Reasons for megacity growth

Economic development

multiplier effect

economies of scale

population growth

How does economic development affect megacity growth?

encourages population growth - more wants for goods/services

How does pop. growth affect megacity growth?

Young people more drawn to live there due to opportunities

Internal growth as said people have children, sustaining pop. growth

How does economies of scale affect megacity growth?

cheaper to buy goods and services

saves money for city

How does multiplier effect affect megacity growth?

As a city prospers more people are drawn to work in it

this encourages people buying from local businesses

as they grow there is a greater need for skills and labour leading to job growth
the cycle continues

By 2030, what % of the world’s population will live in an urban environment?

>60%

Opportunities of urban growth(6)

• The growth of urban industrial areas, which increases further economic development

• Industrial development increases job opportunities and higher wages

• Increased market share through industries selling their goods overseas; this increases company profits and taxes paid to their country

• Better access to services such as education, healthcare, and the internet

• Access to resources such as clean water, sanitation and electricity

• Improved living conditions with a safer environment through street lighting and policing

What is a major setback of urban growth?

the growth of informal cities

informal setllements

unplanned and unregulated housing with little sanitary facilities freshwater or reliable energy supply

By 2030 what is the estimate for the percentage of world population living in informal settlements?

around 25%

Describe the 3 parts of Rio

North Zone - main industrial port, includes areas of favelas, has the city’s international airport

South Zone - Rio’s main tourist location

Centro - the financial centre

Social problems of Rio - healthcare

In 2013 only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic

Very poor services for the pregnant and the elderly

Social problems of Rio - education

Only half of all children continue education post 14 yrs of age

many children drop out and some get involved in drug trafficking

shortage of nearby schools

lack of family money

shortage of teachers due to poor pay and training

Social problems of Rio - water supply

around 12% of Rio’s population don’t have access to running water

37% of water lost via leaky pipes fraud and illegal access

drought has caused further water access issues

Social problems of Rio - energy

Rio suffers frequent blackouts due to electricity shortage

Olympics made this worse

Many people in the favelas illegally get electricity by tapping into the main supply which is very unsafe

Solutions to Rio social problems - healthcare

build more hospitals

more first aid kits in homes

Solutions to Rio social problems - education

volunteering

giving school grants to help poor families help meet the cost of education for children

pay for sports lessons in Rocinha

open private uni of Rocinha

Solutions to Rio social problems - water supply

build more taps that everyone can access

Solutions to Rio social problems - energy

nuclear generator built

hydro electric dams

Positive economic aspects of Rio

Large national and abroad companies attracted to Rio

2nd most industrial centre in Brazil

provides >6% of all employment in Brazil

growing number of jobs provided by service industries

oil discovered off the coast encouraged growth of oil related activities

many jobs e.g. services oil ports retail

Negative economic aspects of Rio

informal economy

poor favela conditions

Wealth disparities in Rio - how much of the total income do the richest 1% earn?

Richest 1% earns 12% of the total income

Wealth disparities in Rio - how much of the total income do the poorest 50% earn?

13% of the total income

What is the unemployment rate in Rio favelas?

>20% - most work in the informal economy

What programme aims to improve education in poor/violent areas in Rio?

Schools of Tomorrow Programme

How is crime in Rio?

Murder is common

Powerful gangs control drug trafficking

When and what was set up to reclaim favelas from drug dealers?

the UPPs

Pacifying Police Unit

Problems with the Pacifying Police Unit?

They are extremely corrupt

Environmental Rio problems - air pollution

Estimated to cause 5k deaths a year

city is often covered in smog

happens due to exhaust fumes from heavy traffic

Environmental Rio problems - water pollution

Guanabara Bay is heavily polluted causing a major wildlife threat

commercial fishing has declined by 90% in the last 20 yrs

>50 tonnes of industrial waste enters the bay daily

Environmental Rio problems - waste pollution

many favelas are built on steep slopes with few proper roads making access for waste collection companies difficult

causes diseases such as cholera and encourages rats

Solutions to environmental Rio problems - air pollution

expansion of metro system under Guanabara bay to South Zone and Barra da Tijuca

New toll roads into city centre to reduce congestion

Solutions to environmental Rio problems - water pollution

12 new sewage works have been built since 2004 at a cost of $68 million

shops are fined for illegally discharging waste into the bay

Solutions to environmental Rio problems - waste pollution

A power plant has been setup near the Uni of Rio using methane from 30 tonnes of rotting rubbish a day

this provides electricity for 1k homes

Where are favelas usually located?

on the NE of Rio towards Guanabaro Bay

Challenges of favelas: Housing

they are poorly constructed due to them being built illegally - most of them are built on slopes and can cause landslides

In 2010 24 were killed and 13k lost their homes when houses were swept away

Challenges of favelas: Crime

murder rate of 20/1k people

drug gangs dominate many favelas and many inhabitants distrust the police because of violence and corruption

Challenges of favelas: Services

In non improved favelas, 12% of homes don’t have running water

>30% lack electricity

50% don’t have sewage connections

Drinking water is obtained by tapping into a city water main. Several daily trips need to be made to get this

Challenges of favelas: Healthcare

Population density of 37k/km2

infant mortality can be as high as 50/1k

waste can build up in streets increasing chance of disease

Challenges of favelas: Employment

unemployment rates as high as 25%

avg income is <£25 a month

Improving favela housing - electricity cables

the cables are government provided

people don’t need to illegally install electricity and its less risky

Improving favela housing - bathroom with toilet

linked directly to sewer systems disposing of waste safely which reduces spread of diseases such as cholera

Improving favela housing - streets improved

streetlights and pavements are more accessible to people leading to less crime rate due to lights

Improving favela housing - underground sewer

underground sewer which safely disposes of waste reducing spread of diseases such as cholera

Improving favela housing - living and sleeping quarters with concrete floor

potentially less risk of disease

more comfortable

Improving favela housing - breeze blocks

stable building blocks used to build house leading to them being less susceptible to landslides

Aim of the 1994-2008 Favela Bairro project

to provide essential services to residents and to recognise them formally as neighbourhoods of the city

Favella Bairro Project Schemes: Large Scale Improvements

new settlements can be constructed to act as alternative magnets for rural urban pop.

high rise blocks schools health centres and industries for development

Favella Bairro Project Schemes: Self help schemes

legal ownership of land is granted

lcoal authorities help residents to move into homes by:

grants/loans offered to finance homer improvement

building material supplied

cooperation between residents to organise waste collection

Favella Bairro Project Schemes: Site and Service

Land is identified for the scheme.

Water sanitation and infrastructure laid down by local authorities in advance of build

individual plots marked out

people then arrive to build using own materials

The Favela Bairro Project - social improvements

adult education classes to boost literary levels

services to help people cope who have had problems i.e. abuse drugs alcohol

The Favela Bairro Project - economic improvements

residents can legally own their properties by application

training schemes so that people can learn new skills to get better jobs

The Favela Bairro Project - environmental improvements

widening and paving of streets for easier access

removal of homes of dangerously steep slopes

wooden buildings have been replaced by brick ones

Opportunities of London - Employment

London Docklands Regeneration Project in 1981

attracted priv investment

allowed banks and high rise buildings to be built there

over 100k worked there

Opportunities of London - Tourism

historic attractions like the Tower of London which is visited by over a third of tourists

Opportunities of London - Entertainment

West End

Royal Albert Hall

O2

Sporting clubs

Opportunities of London - Environment

around half of London is green space

home to 14k wildlife species and 8m trees

Helps reduce climate change

Attrract biodiversity

reduce risk of flooding

improve air quality

Opportunities of London - Culture

culturing mix due to migration i.e. Tooting

Brings in new food and ideas and skills

Opportunities of London - Transport (Crossrail)

Reduced journey times

increased rail passenger journeys by 10%

brings an extra 1.5m within 45 mins of C. London

Challenges of London - housing shortage

due to increasing population(7%/year since 1971) there has been an increase in single person households, 250k needed to be built by 2024

Challenges of London - London deprivation

as a result of wealth inequality and leads to a spiral of decline due to loss of industry

Challenges of London - housing inequality

cost of one bed flat in Newham is £1200 a month, 50 percent of residents of Newham rent privately, 30% use social housing

Challenges of London - education inequality

In Kensington and Chelsea the number of students achieving 5+ good gcse grades is 80 percent but is 62% in Newham

Challenges of London - healthcare inequality

In K and C LE is 83.7 for men and 87.7 for women

In Newham it is 75.9 and 79.8 respectively

Challenges of London - employment inequality

2m live in poverty

Newham employment rate is 73.8% which is below London avg

Challenges of London - income inequality

In K and C households under £15k joint income is 9% while its 26% in Newham

Over £60k is 26 and 7 percent respectively