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Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from pneumonia and TB to immunology, STIs, hepatitis, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and cancer treatment from the lecture notes.
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Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, or viruses.
CAP (Community-Acquired Pneumonia)
Pneumonia occurring in the community or within 48 hours of hospitalization; commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
HCAP (Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia)
Pneumonia associated with healthcare exposure; pathogens often MDR (multidrug-resistant).
HAP (Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia)
Pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after admission, not incubating at admission.
VAP (Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia)
Pneumonia occurring in patients who have been mechanically ventilated for at least 48 hours.
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci, common in immunocompromised hosts.
Aspiration pneumonia
Pneumonia caused by inhalation of oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower airways.
TB (Tuberculosis)
Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; airborne transmission; may be pulmonary or extrapulmonary.
Ghon focus/Ghon tubercle
Initial TB lesion; granulomatous mass that may calcify to form a Ghon complex.
Mantoux/Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
Intradermal injection of tuberculin PPD to detect TB infection; read 48–72 hours for induration and erythema.
Sputum culture
Direct sputum smear microscopy and culture used to detect TB and guide treatment.
DST (Drug Susceptibility Testing)
Laboratory testing to determine TB bacteria resistance to anti-TB drugs.
RIPE therapy
Initial TB treatment: Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol.
MDR-TB
TB resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin.
XDR-TB
TB resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, any fluoroquinolone, and at least one second-line injectable.
RR-TB
Rifampicin-Resistant TB—resistant to rifampicin with or without other drugs.
New TB case
A patient who has never had TB treatment or has taken anti-TB drugs for less than one month.
Retreatment TB case
TB patient previously treated with anti-TB drugs for at least one month.
RIPE drugs abbreviations
Rifampin (R), Isoniazid (I), Pyrazinamide (P), Ethambutol (E) used in TB regimens.
Ghon tubercle
Calcified TB lesion representing dormant infection that can reactivate later.
COVID-19
Infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 with fever, cough, dyspnea; transmitted via droplets; managed with vaccination, antiviral therapy, oxygen support.
H1N1 (Swine Flu)
Influenza A virus variant; outbreaks in humans; treated with antivirals like oseltamivir and zanamivir.
MERS-CoV
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; zoonotic; transmitted from camels; supportive medical management.
Ebola
Filovirus with fruit bats as natural hosts; spread via contact with blood/body fluids; vaccines exist (e.g., Ervebo).
Immunity
The body's specific protective response to foreign antigens; includes innate and adaptive components.
Bone marrow (immunity)
Site of production for B and T lymphocytes; origin of lymphocytes.
Spleen (immunity)
Red pulp filters blood; white pulp concentrates lymphocytes for immune responses.
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic tissue that filters lymph and facilitates immune cell proliferation.
Humoral immunity
Adaptative immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes.
Cell-mediated immunity
Adaptive immunity driven by T cells; destroys infected or abnormal cells.
B lymphocytes (B cells)
Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies.
T lymphocytes (T cells)
Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus; include helper, cytotoxic, regulatory, and memory subsets.
CD4+ T cell
Helper T cell; coordinates immune responses by secreting cytokines.
CD8+ T cell
Cytotoxic T cell; directly destroys infected or abnormal cells.
Regulatory T cell
T cell that suppresses immune responses to maintain tolerance and prevent autoimmunity.
Memory T cell
Long-lived T cells that respond quickly upon re-exposure to an antigen.
Neutrophils
First responder leukocytes that phagocytose pathogens during acute inflammation.
Macrophages
Phagocytic cells that digest pathogens and present antigens to lymphocytes.
Phagocytosis
Process by which cells ingest and destroy foreign particles.
Inflammation
Protective vascular response to injury or infection aimed at removing injurious stimuli and promoting healing.
Cardinal signs of inflammation (PRISH)
Pain (Dolor), Redness (Rubor), Immobility/Loss of function (Functio laesa), Swelling (Tumor), Heat (Calor).
Exudate types
Serous, Serosanguineous, Sanguineous, Purulent—descriptions of fluid drained from inflamed tissue.
Crohn’s disease
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease with transmural inflammation, skip lesions, and potential fistulas.
Ulcerative colitis
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease with continuous mucosal inflammation starting at the rectum.
Ostomy
Surgical creation of an opening (ileostomy or colostomy) to divert stool.
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix; signs include McBurney’s point tenderness and Rovsing sign.
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum often due to infection or rupture of abdominal organs.
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas; commonly due to gallstones or alcohol; autodigestion of pancreatic tissue.
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder usually due to gallstones blocking the cystic duct.
Cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder, commonly caused by bacteria such as E. coli.
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in the urinary tract causing pain and obstruction.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Inflammation of female reproductive organs, often due to gonorrhea or chlamydia; risk of infertility.
Bacterial vaginosis
Overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (Gardnerella) with fishy odor; metronidazole or clindamycin for treatment.
Candidiasis (Vaginal)
Yeast infection caused by Candida albicans; cottage-cheese discharge; treated with antifungals.
Trichomoniasis
Protozoan infection (Trichomonas vaginalis) with thin, yellow-green discharge; treated with metronidazole.
Chlamydia
Common sexually transmitted infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis; often asymptomatic; treated with doxycycline or azithromycin.
Gonorrhea
Sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae; treated with dual therapy (e.g., ceftriaxone plus doxycycline/azithromycin).
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Virus causing genital warts and cervical cancer; high-risk strains 16 and 18 linked to cancer; vaccines prevent infection.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
Cause of genital herpes; lifelong viral infection; no cure; antiviral suppression available.
HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infects CD4+ T cells; AIDS is advanced disease with severely weakened immunity; managed with ART.
Antibody tests for HIV
Tests that detect HIV antibodies in blood or oral fluid; rapid tests commonly used for screening.
Antigen/antibody HIV test
Tests that detect HIV antibodies and antigens; used in laboratories.
Nucleic acid test (NAT) for HIV
Detects the actual HIV RNA; measures viral load and infection status.
Hepatitis A
Viral hepatitis A; fecal-oral transmission; usually self-limited; HAV vaccine available.
Hepatitis B
Viral hepatitis B; bloodborne transmission; can become chronic; HBV vaccine; antiviral treatment if needed.
Hepatitis C
Viral hepatitis C; primarily bloodborne; high risk in IV drug users; treated with direct-acting antivirals.
Hepatitis D
Delta agent; requires hepatitis B co-infection; treated with interferon in some cases.
Hepatitis E
Viral hepatitis E; fecal-oral transmission; usually self-limited; more severe in pregnant individuals.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
Autoimmune demyelinating polyneuritis; progressive weakness; may require respiratory support; treated with IVIG or plasmapheresis.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Chronic autoimmune multisystem disease; diagnosis via clinical criteria (ACR/SLICC); variable organ involvement.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Autoimmune inflammatory arthritis with symmetric joint involvement; pannus formation; managed with DMARDs, NSAIDs, and steroids.
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS; various patterns; diagnosed with MRI, CSF findings; treated to reduce relapses.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
Immune reaction after allogeneic bone marrow transplant where donor immune cells attack the recipient.
Neoplasm/Cancer
Abnormal new growth (tumor) that can be benign or malignant; malignant cancers invade and metastasize.
TNM classification
Staging system: T (tumor size/extent), N (regional lymph nodes), M (metastasis).
Cancer prevention and screening
Measures to prevent cancer and detect it early (education, regulation, screening tests like mammography, Pap smears, etc.).
Chemotherapy (general)
Use of cytotoxic drugs to kill rapidly dividing cells; affects both cancer cells and normal cells (hair, mucosa, bone marrow).
Alkylating agents
Chemotherapy drugs that cross-link DNA (e.g., cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, busulfan).
Antimetabolites
Chemotherapy drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis (e.g., methotrexate, cytarabine, 5-FU, mercaptopurine).
Plant alkaloids
Chemotherapy drugs derived from plants that inhibit mitosis (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine).
Hormones in cancer therapy
Hormones or hormone modulators used to treat cancers (e.g., tamoxifen, corticosteroids).
Antitumor antibiotics
Chemotherapy drugs that damage DNA (e.g., doxorubicin, daunorubicin, bleomycin).
Extravastation
Leakage of chemotherapy drugs into surrounding tissue; may cause tissue necrosis; antidote example: dexrazoxane for anthracyclines.
Bone marrow transplant (BMT)
Transplant of hematopoietic stem cells; autologous, syngeneic, or allogeneic; engraftment and risk of GVHD.
Radiation therapy side effects
Mucositis, alopecia, skin changes; systemic effects depending on dose and site.
Diversified cancer prevention strategies (CAUTION signs)
American Cancer Society: Change in bowel/bladder habits, A sore that does not heal, Unusual bleeding, Thickening or lump, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious changes in wart/mole, Nagging cough or hoarseness, Unexplained anemia, Sudden weight loss.
Mammography
X-ray imaging of breast tissue to detect breast cancer; recommended yearly starting around age 40+.
Pap smear
Cervical cancer screening test; cytology to detect precancerous changes; follow national guidelines for timing.
Hepatic encephalopathy (context note)
Not a core term here; included for completeness—encephalopathy can occur with severe liver disease or portal hypertension.
Sigmoidoscopy/Colonoscopy
Endoscopic evaluation of the colon; screening starting at 50 or as indicated; different intervals.
Oncofetal antigens
Tumor markers such as AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) and CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) used in cancer diagnosis/monitoring.
CAUTION signs (cancer warning signs)
Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore that does not heal, Unusual bleeding, Thickening or lump, Indigestion, Obvious change in wart or mole, Nagging cough or hoarseness, Unexplained anemia, Sudden weight loss.