NCM 112 Immunology and Inflammation - Vocabulary Flashcards

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Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from pneumonia and TB to immunology, STIs, hepatitis, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and cancer treatment from the lecture notes.

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93 Terms

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Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, or viruses.

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CAP (Community-Acquired Pneumonia)

Pneumonia occurring in the community or within 48 hours of hospitalization; commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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HCAP (Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia)

Pneumonia associated with healthcare exposure; pathogens often MDR (multidrug-resistant).

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HAP (Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia)

Pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after admission, not incubating at admission.

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VAP (Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia)

Pneumonia occurring in patients who have been mechanically ventilated for at least 48 hours.

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Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci, common in immunocompromised hosts.

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Aspiration pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by inhalation of oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower airways.

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TB (Tuberculosis)

Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; airborne transmission; may be pulmonary or extrapulmonary.

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Ghon focus/Ghon tubercle

Initial TB lesion; granulomatous mass that may calcify to form a Ghon complex.

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Mantoux/Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)

Intradermal injection of tuberculin PPD to detect TB infection; read 48–72 hours for induration and erythema.

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Sputum culture

Direct sputum smear microscopy and culture used to detect TB and guide treatment.

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DST (Drug Susceptibility Testing)

Laboratory testing to determine TB bacteria resistance to anti-TB drugs.

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RIPE therapy

Initial TB treatment: Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol.

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MDR-TB

TB resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin.

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XDR-TB

TB resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, any fluoroquinolone, and at least one second-line injectable.

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RR-TB

Rifampicin-Resistant TB—resistant to rifampicin with or without other drugs.

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New TB case

A patient who has never had TB treatment or has taken anti-TB drugs for less than one month.

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Retreatment TB case

TB patient previously treated with anti-TB drugs for at least one month.

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RIPE drugs abbreviations

Rifampin (R), Isoniazid (I), Pyrazinamide (P), Ethambutol (E) used in TB regimens.

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Ghon tubercle

Calcified TB lesion representing dormant infection that can reactivate later.

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COVID-19

Infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 with fever, cough, dyspnea; transmitted via droplets; managed with vaccination, antiviral therapy, oxygen support.

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H1N1 (Swine Flu)

Influenza A virus variant; outbreaks in humans; treated with antivirals like oseltamivir and zanamivir.

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MERS-CoV

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; zoonotic; transmitted from camels; supportive medical management.

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Ebola

Filovirus with fruit bats as natural hosts; spread via contact with blood/body fluids; vaccines exist (e.g., Ervebo).

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Immunity

The body's specific protective response to foreign antigens; includes innate and adaptive components.

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Bone marrow (immunity)

Site of production for B and T lymphocytes; origin of lymphocytes.

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Spleen (immunity)

Red pulp filters blood; white pulp concentrates lymphocytes for immune responses.

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Lymph nodes

Lymphatic tissue that filters lymph and facilitates immune cell proliferation.

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Humoral immunity

Adaptative immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes.

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Cell-mediated immunity

Adaptive immunity driven by T cells; destroys infected or abnormal cells.

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B lymphocytes (B cells)

Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies.

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T lymphocytes (T cells)

Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus; include helper, cytotoxic, regulatory, and memory subsets.

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CD4+ T cell

Helper T cell; coordinates immune responses by secreting cytokines.

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CD8+ T cell

Cytotoxic T cell; directly destroys infected or abnormal cells.

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Regulatory T cell

T cell that suppresses immune responses to maintain tolerance and prevent autoimmunity.

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Memory T cell

Long-lived T cells that respond quickly upon re-exposure to an antigen.

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Neutrophils

First responder leukocytes that phagocytose pathogens during acute inflammation.

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Macrophages

Phagocytic cells that digest pathogens and present antigens to lymphocytes.

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Phagocytosis

Process by which cells ingest and destroy foreign particles.

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Inflammation

Protective vascular response to injury or infection aimed at removing injurious stimuli and promoting healing.

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Cardinal signs of inflammation (PRISH)

Pain (Dolor), Redness (Rubor), Immobility/Loss of function (Functio laesa), Swelling (Tumor), Heat (Calor).

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Exudate types

Serous, Serosanguineous, Sanguineous, Purulent—descriptions of fluid drained from inflamed tissue.

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Crohn’s disease

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease with transmural inflammation, skip lesions, and potential fistulas.

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Ulcerative colitis

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease with continuous mucosal inflammation starting at the rectum.

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Ostomy

Surgical creation of an opening (ileostomy or colostomy) to divert stool.

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Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix; signs include McBurney’s point tenderness and Rovsing sign.

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Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum often due to infection or rupture of abdominal organs.

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Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas; commonly due to gallstones or alcohol; autodigestion of pancreatic tissue.

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Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder usually due to gallstones blocking the cystic duct.

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Cystitis

Inflammation of the urinary bladder, commonly caused by bacteria such as E. coli.

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Urolithiasis

Formation of stones in the urinary tract causing pain and obstruction.

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Inflammation of female reproductive organs, often due to gonorrhea or chlamydia; risk of infertility.

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Bacterial vaginosis

Overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (Gardnerella) with fishy odor; metronidazole or clindamycin for treatment.

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Candidiasis (Vaginal)

Yeast infection caused by Candida albicans; cottage-cheese discharge; treated with antifungals.

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Trichomoniasis

Protozoan infection (Trichomonas vaginalis) with thin, yellow-green discharge; treated with metronidazole.

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Chlamydia

Common sexually transmitted infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis; often asymptomatic; treated with doxycycline or azithromycin.

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Gonorrhea

Sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae; treated with dual therapy (e.g., ceftriaxone plus doxycycline/azithromycin).

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Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Virus causing genital warts and cervical cancer; high-risk strains 16 and 18 linked to cancer; vaccines prevent infection.

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Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)

Cause of genital herpes; lifelong viral infection; no cure; antiviral suppression available.

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HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus infects CD4+ T cells; AIDS is advanced disease with severely weakened immunity; managed with ART.

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Antibody tests for HIV

Tests that detect HIV antibodies in blood or oral fluid; rapid tests commonly used for screening.

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Antigen/antibody HIV test

Tests that detect HIV antibodies and antigens; used in laboratories.

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Nucleic acid test (NAT) for HIV

Detects the actual HIV RNA; measures viral load and infection status.

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Hepatitis A

Viral hepatitis A; fecal-oral transmission; usually self-limited; HAV vaccine available.

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Hepatitis B

Viral hepatitis B; bloodborne transmission; can become chronic; HBV vaccine; antiviral treatment if needed.

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Hepatitis C

Viral hepatitis C; primarily bloodborne; high risk in IV drug users; treated with direct-acting antivirals.

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Hepatitis D

Delta agent; requires hepatitis B co-infection; treated with interferon in some cases.

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Hepatitis E

Viral hepatitis E; fecal-oral transmission; usually self-limited; more severe in pregnant individuals.

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Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

Autoimmune demyelinating polyneuritis; progressive weakness; may require respiratory support; treated with IVIG or plasmapheresis.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Chronic autoimmune multisystem disease; diagnosis via clinical criteria (ACR/SLICC); variable organ involvement.

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Autoimmune inflammatory arthritis with symmetric joint involvement; pannus formation; managed with DMARDs, NSAIDs, and steroids.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS; various patterns; diagnosed with MRI, CSF findings; treated to reduce relapses.

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Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

Immune reaction after allogeneic bone marrow transplant where donor immune cells attack the recipient.

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Neoplasm/Cancer

Abnormal new growth (tumor) that can be benign or malignant; malignant cancers invade and metastasize.

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TNM classification

Staging system: T (tumor size/extent), N (regional lymph nodes), M (metastasis).

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Cancer prevention and screening

Measures to prevent cancer and detect it early (education, regulation, screening tests like mammography, Pap smears, etc.).

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Chemotherapy (general)

Use of cytotoxic drugs to kill rapidly dividing cells; affects both cancer cells and normal cells (hair, mucosa, bone marrow).

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Alkylating agents

Chemotherapy drugs that cross-link DNA (e.g., cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, busulfan).

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Antimetabolites

Chemotherapy drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis (e.g., methotrexate, cytarabine, 5-FU, mercaptopurine).

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Plant alkaloids

Chemotherapy drugs derived from plants that inhibit mitosis (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine).

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Hormones in cancer therapy

Hormones or hormone modulators used to treat cancers (e.g., tamoxifen, corticosteroids).

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Antitumor antibiotics

Chemotherapy drugs that damage DNA (e.g., doxorubicin, daunorubicin, bleomycin).

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Extravastation

Leakage of chemotherapy drugs into surrounding tissue; may cause tissue necrosis; antidote example: dexrazoxane for anthracyclines.

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Bone marrow transplant (BMT)

Transplant of hematopoietic stem cells; autologous, syngeneic, or allogeneic; engraftment and risk of GVHD.

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Radiation therapy side effects

Mucositis, alopecia, skin changes; systemic effects depending on dose and site.

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Diversified cancer prevention strategies (CAUTION signs)

American Cancer Society: Change in bowel/bladder habits, A sore that does not heal, Unusual bleeding, Thickening or lump, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious changes in wart/mole, Nagging cough or hoarseness, Unexplained anemia, Sudden weight loss.

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Mammography

X-ray imaging of breast tissue to detect breast cancer; recommended yearly starting around age 40+.

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Pap smear

Cervical cancer screening test; cytology to detect precancerous changes; follow national guidelines for timing.

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Hepatic encephalopathy (context note)

Not a core term here; included for completeness—encephalopathy can occur with severe liver disease or portal hypertension.

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Sigmoidoscopy/Colonoscopy

Endoscopic evaluation of the colon; screening starting at 50 or as indicated; different intervals.

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Oncofetal antigens

Tumor markers such as AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) and CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) used in cancer diagnosis/monitoring.

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CAUTION signs (cancer warning signs)

Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore that does not heal, Unusual bleeding, Thickening or lump, Indigestion, Obvious change in wart or mole, Nagging cough or hoarseness, Unexplained anemia, Sudden weight loss.

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