APWH Key Terms Unit 0-9 (Pre-1200 to Present)

lock in for apwh!! unit 0-2: 1-165; unit 3-4: 166-315; unit 5-6: 316-463; unit 7-9: 464-691

SPICET (APWH Themes)

Social, Political, Interaction between Humans and Environment, Culture, Economic, Technology; APWH Themes will appear throughout the exam

Causation

Why did an event happen? What effect did it have? (cause & effect); common theme you need to know for the exam

Contextualization

How is an event part of the bigger picture? (context); common theme you need to know for the exam

Continuity and Change

In a time period, what stayed the same? What changed? (similarities & differences between time periods); common theme you need to know for the exam

Synthesis

How can insights from other times, places, or topics help us understand or connect to this event? (connection); common theme you need to know and do for the exam

Neolithic Revolution

Also known as the Agricultural Revolution, boom of agriculture and domestication of animals, led to huge population increase and new innovations; ~8000 BCE; around the world, mainly important in the Middle East; significant due to it being the turning point for human society (more advanced)

Nomadic Pastoralism

People who raised domesticated animals instead of growing crops, moved from place to place, normally in places with difficulty for growing crops; Neolithic Revolution; around the world; differed from and had conflict with agricultural societies, many big pastoral societies throughout time

Ethnocentrism

Looking at other cultures with the mindset of one’s own culture; can be seen all throughout history and even today, negative

Foraging

Search for food through hunting and gathering; humans have been foraging for all of history, especially important before the Neolithic Revolution

Matrilineal vs Patrilineal

Women vs Men rule over; although many societies had a patriarchal society, some had matriarchal societies.

Cultural Diffusion

the process of spreading culture through movement, trade, communications and/or war; significant as it has been happening for all of history, allowing different peoples in different places to share the same ideas, religion, and inventions

Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia

land around the Tigris & Euphrates rivers, located in modern day Iraq, first human civilization; 3500 to 3000 BCE; the land was significant as it started the first civilizations, and Mesopotamia was important because it was one of if not the first civilization in the world.

The Persian Empire

Achaemenid Empire, started by Cyrus the Great; 559-330 BCE; modern day Iraq (Iranian plateau); developed the first postal service, connected Afro-Eurasia, center for trade, religion

Mediterranean World/Basin/Region

Land around Mediterranean Sea; South Europe, West Asia, North Africa; center of trade routes (cultural diffusion)

Judaism

developed in the Middle East by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice; started around 4000 years ago; Abrahamic faith, led to Christianity and Islam

Monotheism

Believe in one god; the most popular religions today are monotheistic

Universal Religion

Appeal to diverse populations, adaptability, promote universal rules- behavior modifications, proselytizing (conversion) sense of community, support from powerful empire + outlasting; there are many universal religions in the world today, with the most popular being Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism

City-States (include Athens & Sparta)

City-states: city rules center and surrounding land = state; Greek city-states = Sparta: men = military, others take jobs, Athens: knowledge (philosophy, literature, etc), democracy, men allowed to make political decisions

Democracy (Greek) & republic (Roman)

Democracy: people directly made political decisions; Republic: people vote on other people to make decisions; government styles used in many countries today

Alexander the Great

Macedonian who ruled over Macedonia and Persia, military leader and conqueror, largest empire in ancient world; 356-323 BCE; spread Greek culture = start of Hellenistic culture

Hellenism/Hellenistic Culture

Greek culture that blended with areas that Alexander the Great conquered (Egypt, Persia, India); 323-32 BCE; spread through Mediterranean World

Phoenician Alphabet & our modern Alphabet

One of the first alphabets, developed by Phoenicians (modern day Lebanon), spread around Mediterranean, easier than hieroglyphics (Egypt) so spread easier, foundation for future alphabets

Roman Empire (Western & Byzantine)

753 BCE, borrowed from Greeks (deities), republic gov. “Innocent until proven guilty”, Christianity became popular (banned until Byzantine); Western: not as wealthy, weakened due to overextension of the military, corruption, disease, and invasions, Catholic; Eastern: wealthier, Constantine endorsed Christianity and had the capital at Constantinople, the city was an entrepot and trade prospered, Justinian created Hagia Sophia (originally church) and Justinian Code (laws), Orthodox

Dynasty (general definition)

family ruling over a country, passed down; countries like China had this system for hundreds of years

Great Wall of China (origins & purpose)

Started by Qin Shi Huang (Qin dynasty), wall to prevent invasion from nomadic peoples from North

Han Dynasty

“Golden Age”, peaceful, pop. growth, science and tech prospered (magnetic compass, paper, rudder), trade of luxury goods (silk, spice, tea, metals, gems), started civil service exam; 206 BCE-220 CE

Tang Dynasty

Li Yuan from Sui Dynasty (previous) took over, expansion of Chinese land, established army, provinces, continued civil service exam, invented gunpowder and made paper money, tributary system, Empress Wu (only female emperor), expanded transportation (canals, silk road, sea roads), tolerated religions, influenced Japan and Korea; 618-907 CE

Genghis Khan

Born Temujin (1155-1227 CE), name means “ruler of all”, lead the Mongols and established the Mongol Horde/Empire, conquered many places (Parts of China, Korea, Persia, Central Asia), created Pax Mongolica (peace)

Mongol Horde/Mongol Empire

Mongol Horde: conquered land through military conquest, led by Batu (oldest son of Genghis Khan), destroyed cities and murdered thousands, extremely organized army (horses, bows), took over most of Asia; Mongol Empire: ruled over by government, Khanates formed by descendants of Genghis Khan (different regions), repaired and controlled trade routes, making trade way easier, allowed easy spread of diseases like the bubonic plague; 1206-1368 CE

Timur the Lame & Timurid Empire

Timur the Lame/Tamerlane (1336-1405) was a Turk/Mongol that created the Timurid Empire, using Mongol military techniques to conquer land; 15-16th century; revived artistic and intellectual life in Iran; 1370–1507 CE

Samarkand

Capital of Timurid Empire, oasis city on Silk Road, Buddhism, architecture, science and trade

Kublai Khan

Grandson of Genghis Khan (1215-1294) that replaced Song Dynasty with Yuan dynasty, adopted Chinese lifestyle, dual ruling system (Mongols/Chinese), did not destroy China to conquer it, conquered Burma and Korea, but failed in Japan twice

Yuan Dynasty

Started by Kublai Khan (Mongol), capital at Dadu, tolerance of religions, rebuilt Grand Canal, discriminated Chinese, Red Turbans ended the dynasty; 1279-1368 CE

Chinese tributary system (like Korea’s & Japan’s relationship to China)

Countries had to pay tribute to China to acknowledge China’s power, China would return gifts; China tributary system in nearby countries like Korea and Vietnam

Silk Road (Eurasian Trade Network)

Trade network connecting Afro-Eurasia, spread technology, disease, culture, goods (most luxury), ideas; 130 BCE - 1453 CE (Ottoman)

Marco Polo

Italian explorer, traveled around the world (ex. Yuan Dynasty China), wrote a book sharing his findings with Europeans

Ming Dynasty

Started by Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu), similar to Han dynasty, did not allow others to get political power (trust issues), restored civil service exam and industries, irrigation, Forbidden City (Yongle), reopened Silk Road, Yongle sea expeditions (Zheng He); 1368-1644 CE

Constantinople

Capital of the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire, conquered by the Ottoman (Mehmed) and renamed Istanbul, connects Eurasia

Medieval Europe “Dark Ages”

Black Death (population decrease) + collapse of Western Rome + distrust of churches = Dark Ages; 500-1000 CE; economy, science, intellect down, feudalism, crusades, constant wars

Middle Ages

Includes Dark Ages, no progress of Europe, feudalism prominent, high middle ages = renaissance (revival of classical thinking and start of humanism, economy up and expansion of land); 500-1500 CE

Vikings

Scandinavian looters, long ships = advantage, unable to conquer Constantinople, indirectly created slave trade routes, knights established to fight Vikings

Feudalism

Kings/lords rule over, peasants obey (need to do labor), kings → lords → knights → peasants; popular during Medieval Europe

Vassal

Person with protection from lord (feudalism); someone/thing lower than other (China vassal states)

Charlemagne

King of the Franks, “Holy Roman Emperor”, converted W. Europe to Christianity, traded slaves; 768-814 CE

Carolingian Dynasty

Family of Frankish (French) aristocrats in Western Europe, spread Christianity, relations with the church, Charlemagne ruled over, Carolingian Renaissance (reviving classical learning and education of literacy); 751-887 CE

Monasticism (Dark Ages)

People devoted their life to their religion as monks/nuns (Christianity)

Umayyad Caliphates

Sunni Muslims, expanded to North Africa and Spain through military conquest, tolerance practiced; 661-750 CE

Abbasid Caliphates

Ruled over Dar al-Islam, allowed Islam to become a universal religion, forced conversion and expanded through military conquest, spread Islam to Spain, Central Asia, and Africa, tolerance (jizya = tax), used and spread Arabic, libraries with texts from different cultures, absorbed knowledge from trade (China, Byzantium, Greeks, India); 750–1258 CE

Fatimid Caliphates

Started in Egypt, Shiite/Shi’a Muslim (failed to convert Egypt from Sunni), spread Islam to Sub-Saharan Africa; 909–1171 CE

Bantu and their migrations

People with oral traditions and worship of spirits that migrated all over Africa, their language was a universal language in Sub-Saharan Africa, had iron, spread their culture to other parts of Africa (food, pottery, farming, etc.)

Teotihuacan

Empire near modern day Mexico City, pyramids (one for human sacrifice), regional trade, royal family, temple of the feathered serpent (fertility god), absorbed by Aztecs; ~350 to 550 CE

Ghana

Empire in West Africa, wealthy from trade of gold and ivory, Sand Roads, centralized government with king; 601-1240 CE

Empire of Mali

Decline of Ghana → Mali, largest empire in West Africa, Islam was popular, gold trade, Sand Roads, commercial centers like Timbuktu; 1226 to 1670

Mansa Musa

Richest person of all time from gold, salt, and slave trade, ruler of the Empire of Mali, went on a famous hajj (pilgrimage)

Olmec

In modern day Mexico, influenced other Mesoamerican cultures, art; 1600-400 BCE

Maya & Chichen Itza (before conquistadors)

Yucatan peninsula, developed complex written language (before Europeans), calendar, math (zero), art, Shamanism (polytheistic), human sacrifice for the gods; 250-900 CE; Chichen Itza is a town built by the Mayans, famous for the huge pyramid

Incas (before conquistadors)

Andes Mountains, Quecha, stored goods in storehouses, quipus used to track info, goods transported by caravans, terrace system for crops, Sun god Inti, Mita system (required labor); 1438-1533 CE

Andean societies (pre-Incas: Chimu Empire)

Andes Mountains, architecture, roads, textile weaving, agriculture, pottery; 900-1470 CE

Mexica (called Aztecs in next Time Period) (before conquistadors) & Pochteca

Mexico, aqueducts, pyramids, temples, gardens, tribute system to conquered peoples, theocracy, human sacrifice; Pochteca = trading merchants; 1345-1521 CE

Mississippian culture & Cahokia

Mississippian culture: lived in small towns, powerful leaders; Cahokia: chiefdom, connected Mississippian culture, traded various goods, giant pyramid; 95-1350 CE

Anasazi, Mesa Verde, Chaco

Anasazi: Dwellings, roadways, pottery, 100-1600 CE; Mesa Verde: stone communities in canyons (abandoned), 550-1300 CE; Chaco: Five big settlements with smaller surrounding villages all connected, stone and clay houses, traded various items, bunch of roads

Aristocracy

Highest class of people, can hold government positions, nobility; common in many countries during this time like China

Parliamentary Bodies

democratic government with party/multiple parties, prime minister as leader, in countries like the UK today

Oligarchy

Small group of people controlling a country; example is merchant groups in certain areas in Swahili

Theocracy

Priest rule over (Christianity); Vatican City today

Slavery vs. Serfdom vs Peasants

Slaves: owned by person; Serfs: owned by land (lords own land but not serfs); Peasants: poor people; Most common in Europe

Polytheism

The belief in multiple gods; although not as common, many religions in history practiced polytheism like Hinduism

Zoroastrianism

Monotheistic religion in Persia that focused on good and evil; an early example of monotheism

the Torah

Book of religion for Jews, scriptures made by prophets, Old Testament in Christianity; Judaism

the Talmud

Jewish civil and ceremonial law, legend containing debates on Torah teachings, two versions (Palestinian/Jerusalem, Babylonian); Judaism

Jewish Diaspora

Dispersion of Jews outside their ancestral homeland (Israel) to other parts of the world

Vedism (Rig-Veda)

Brahmanism, polytheistic religion, sacrifice, gods and goddesses, the Vedas → Hinduism

Gupta Dynasty

Indian dynasty that used Hinduism to unite India, Golden Age of India, math and medicine; 320-550 CE

Hinduism (Upanishads, Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita)

Dominant religion in India (not universal), Upanishads (philosophy), Mahabharata (story), Bhagavad-Gita (originally part of Mahabharata, inspired bhakti movement) are important texts, caste system, goal is to escape rebirth

Bhakti

Different style of Hinduism, intense adoration of a particular deity, like Vishnu and Shiva, through prayers and songs, allowed people to reach salvation without doing as much; first millennium CE

Samsara, Karma, Dharma

Beliefs of Hinduism; Samsara: reincarnation, cycle of life, death, rebirth; karma: actions vs. consequences, determined who could be free or not; dharma: one’s duty in life, moral code

Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva

The three most important gods of Hinduism; Brahma: Hindu god of creation, world soul; Vishnu: preserver, protects dharma, salvation; Shiva: destruction, protector, time

Laws of Manu or Code of Manu

Introduced the caste system, beliefs, duties of caste system, morality; 100 CE

Sanskrit Cosmopolis

Hinduism and Sanskrit united people, Sanskrit people the language of the people; 4th to 14th century

Varna System

Caste system, social order in Hinduism, brahmins → kshatriyas → Vaishyas → Shudras, move in the ranks between each lifetime

Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, Four Noble Truths, & Eightfold Path

Buddhism started by Siddhartha Gautama, who discovered that suffering was caused by desire after leaving his life as a prince; Four Noble Truths are: two major types of suffering (physical, mental), four unavoidable forms of physical suffering (birth, old age, sickness, death), three forms of mental suffering (contact with disliked people, separation from loved ones, frustration of desires), and happiness doesn’t end suffering; enlightenment (nirvana) can be achieved through the Eightfold Path (right view, resolve, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, meditative absorption)

Theravada (Hinayana) vs Mahayana Buddhism

Theravada: spread to many parts of Asia, Buddha is not divine, monastery life; Mahayana: accessible, one lifetime, bodhisattvas, Buddha is divine

Chan Buddhism

Chinese version of Buddhism, study texts

Zen Buddhism

Japan version of Chan Buddhism from China, meditation

Tibetan Buddhism

Teachers called Lamas lead the religion, mixed religion with Tibetan culture, awareness and preparation for death; Nepal, Mongol China

Nirvana

Buddhism, achieving enlightenment by getting rid of greed, hatred, unhappiness, and delusion through the Eightfold Path

Kumarajiva

Buddhist monk, scholar, translator, translated Mahayana Buddhism into China, allowing the religion to spread to the country

Daoism & Laozi

Turn away from people and look towards nature; system of thought, yin yang (balance), Laozi is the founder of Daoism

Confucianism, K’ung Fu-tzu (Confucius) & Analects

Morals, respecting people above you, patriarchal, filial piety, Confucius was a teacher in the Warring States period that taught about ethical, moral, and social ideas

Filial Piety

The act of honoring one’s ancestors and people higher than them (Confucianism, China)

Neo-Confucianism

Combination of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism in China (Song)

Mandate of Heaven

The heavens provided a leader capable of ruling, if a ruler is corrupt, natural disasters will occur; China, started in Qin dynasty

China’s Civil Service Exam (Han & Tang Dynasty)

Exam about Confucian ideas to get a government job, allowed people to go up in social status, started in Han dynasty, used and expanded in future dynasties as well

Chinese invention of gunpowder (its significance short term, long term)

Invented in China in the Song Dynasty, spread all over the world, used in many weapons over time, the cause of Mongols taking over

Chinese invention of paper (its significance)

Invented in China, allowed the creation of books, literature, spread all over the world, literacy rates up; 105 CE

Chinese paper money (Song Dynasty)

Invented in China, allowed people to carry money easily, caused inflation, no actual worth (as it is just paper), used in Song Dynasty to pay nomadic people as China had a lack of minted material

Astrolabe

Invented in Hellenistic culture, calculate latitude and longitude, stars, astronomy

Magnetic Needle Compass

invention by the Chinese using lodestone (1000 CE), helped navigate the Sea Roads

Roman Emperor Constantine and the Edict of Milan

Constantine ruled over the Eastern Roman Empire/Byzantium, paved the way for Christianity via the Edict of Milan, making the religion legal, Constantinople

Vibia Perpetua

Christian martyr who died due to the religion being illegal in the Roman Empire, stayed faithful until the very end, inspired others to start believing the religion; 182-203 CE