Chemistry of life

Where is the title on the graph

On the top

Where is the dependent variable

Left side

Where is the independent variable on a graph

Bottom

When is a scatterplot used

When both variables are numerical but not showing change over time on the x-axis

Describe the independent variable

A variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure

Describe the dependent variable

Something that depends on the independent variable to be changed.

What are the constants in an experiment

The constants for an experiment is something that stays the same. 

Identify control and experimental groups.  

Control groups stay the same while experimental groups are for the ones that we don’t know what will happen to it.

Explain CHNOPS and why they are important to life

CHNOPS is short for Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur. they make up who we are and everything around us

Understand the difference between an atom and a molecule

Atoms building blocks of matter that can join together to form molecules

What macromolecules make up Carbon

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA), Lipids (Fats)

What macromolecules make up Hydrogen

Macromolecules: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA), Lipids (Fats), Water

What macromolecules make up nitrogen

Macromolecules: Proteins, Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

what macromolecules make up oxygen

Macromolecules: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA), Lipids (Fats), Water

what macromolecules make up phosphorus

Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA), Cell Membranes, Bone, ATP (Energy Molecule)

Sulfur

Macromolecules: Proteins

Describe why water is a polar molecule

because the oxygen is slightly negative and the hydrogens are slightly positive.

why do oil and water not mix

Understand why water and oil do not mix

Oil and water do not mix because they have different polarities. Oil is nonpolar, while water is polar. The polar water molecules are attracted to each other and form hydrogen bonds, while the nonpolar oil molecules are not attracted to water molecules. This difference in polarity prevents them from mixing and causes them to separate into distinct layers.

List examples of cohesion

Raindrops: Water droplets falling from the sky stick together due to cohesion, forming raindrops.

Dew on Grass: Tiny water droplets that form on grass in the morning are held together by cohesion.

List examples of adhesion

Water on a Window: When you see water sticking to a window after rain, it's an example of adhesion to the glass surface.

Drinking Straw: When you use a straw to drink, liquid rises inside it because of adhesion between the liquid and the straw's inner surface.

Explain hydrogen bonding

hydrogen bonding is the attraction between a positive hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the negative oxygen atom on another. Basically, the h from the water molecule connects to the O of the water molecule

How does hydrogen bonding lead to cohesion/surface tension

Hydrogen bonding causes water molecules to pull towards one another; this is called cohesion. 

How does hydrogen bonding lead to adhesion

Hydrogen bonding allows for adhesion by creating attractive forces between the hydrogen atoms in water molecules and other polar molecules or surfaces, leading to the sticking together of different substances.

Be able to draw hydrogen bonds 

Identify the four macromolecules

lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and proteins

Monomer of carbohydrate:

Monomer: Monosaccharide (e.g., glucose)

Monomers of protein

Monomer: Amino acid (e.g., Alanine.

Arginine.

Asparagine.

Aspartic Acid.

Cysteine.

Glutamic acid.

Glutamine.

Glycine)

monomer of nucleic acid

Monomer: Nucleotide (e.g., thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine)

Main function of carbohydrates:

Carbohydrates serve as the primary source of energy for the body, providing quick and easily accessible fuel, while also playing a structural role in cell walls and tissues.

Main function of protein:

 Proteins function as versatile molecules involved in various biological processes, acting as enzymes for chemical reactions, providing structural support, facilitating communication between cells, and serving as transporters or antibodies.

Main function of lipids:

 Lipids serve as energy reservoirs, insulate and cushion organs, form the structural basis of cell membranes, and act as signaling molecules in cellular processes.

Main function of nucleic acids:

Nucleic acids, specifically DNA, store and transmit genetic information, guiding the synthesis of proteins and ensuring the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next.

Describe catabolic processes

Catabolic processes involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy that can be used by the cell for various functions.

Describe anabolic processes

Anabolic processes, in contrast, entail the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, consuming energy in the process to build essential structures and molecules for cellular activities.

Difference between catabolic and anabolic

Catabolic releases energy while anabolic requires energy.

how does your body use macromolecules

The body uses macromolecules through anabolic and catabolic processes. Anabolic processes involve building larger molecules from smaller ones, such as using amino acids to build proteins. Catabolic processes involve breaking down macromolecules into smaller units to release energy, such as breaking down carbohydrates into glucose for energy production.

Explain ATP structure 

adenine molecule, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups. 

Explain ATP function 

 used by all cells to perform their daily functions.

Describe what happens in the ATP and ADP cycle

ATP is created, energy is lost for cell functions (as well as 1 phosphate gamma), then it turns into ADP, then energy from the breakdown of molecules is added, then a phosphate is added, and it turns back into ATP.

1. Explain Aerobic Cellular Respiration

   • reactants and products

   • Where in cell, 

   • What organisms, 

   • Amount of ATP

   • With or without oxygen

Reactants: Glucose and oxygen

Products: Carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)

Location in Cell: Mitochondria

Organisms: Aerobic organisms, like humans and most animals

ATP Produced: Efficient, yields around 36-38 ATP molecules

Oxygen Requirement: Requires oxygen for the process

1. Explain Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

   • Compare to aerobic

   • Amount of ATP

   • What organisms do it

   • Different types and the products of each

   • With or without oxygen

Reactants: Glucose

Products: Varies (lactic acid in animals, ethanol in plants/fungi), and less energy than aerobic respiration

Organisms: Typically anaerobic organisms, like some bacteria and yeast

ATP Produced: Less efficient, yields around 2 ATP molecules

Types: Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

Oxygen Requirement: Does not require oxygen

Explain the role of cellular respiration in the carbon cycle

allows for carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere

1. Photosynthesis 

   • Chemical equation

   • Where is happens in plants

   • Reactants and products

   • Pigments (what makes plants green)

6CO2+light energy+6H2O→6O2+C6H12O6

Chloroplast

Carbon dioxide sunlight and water are reactants and products are oxygen and glucose

Chlorophyll

Describe how cellular respiration and photosynthesis are similar but different. (flipped equations)

they are flipped equations meaning that ones reactants are another's products, they are needed for living organisms to obtain energy, they use the same ingredients, and much more

Explain the role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle

takes in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere