Period One Apush Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes about early American history, focusing on Native American societies, European exploration, and their interactions.

Name three highly organized societies in Central and South America between 1491 and 1607.

Mayan, Incan, and Aztec empires.

What was the stable food supply for the Mayans and Aztecs? What about for the Incas?

Corn for the Mayans and Aztecs, potatoes for the Incas.

How did Native societies in North America differ from those in Mexico and South America?

They were smaller and less sophisticated than those in Mexico and South America.

In what present-day states did the Southwest Settlements, like the Hokokam, Anasanzi, and Pueblos, develop?

Present-day New Mexico and Arizona.

What factors weakened the Southwest Settlements by the time Europeans arrived?

Extreme drought and conflict with hostile natives.

Where did people in the Northwest Settlements live?

Pacific Coast.

What was the basis of the rich diet in the Northwest Settlements?

Hunting, fishing, and gathering nuts, berries, and roots.

What animal was the primary source of food, decorations, crafting tools, knives, and clothing for the Great Plains people?

The buffalo.

How did the introduction of horses in the 17th century change the lifestyle of tribes like the Lakota Sioux?

They moved away from farming to hunting and could follow the buffalo easily.

In what river valleys did permanent settlements develop in the Midwest?

Mississippi and Ohio River valleys.

For what is the Adena-Hopewell culture famously known?

Large earthen mounds.

Where was Cahokia, the largest settlement in the Midwest, located?

Near present-day St. Louis, Illinois.

Why did people in the Northeast Settlements have to move to fresh land?

Hunting and farming techniques exhausted the soil.

What was the Iroquois Confederation?

Political union of five independent tribes in Mohawk Valley, New York.

Along what area did the Atlantic Seaboard Settlements exist?

Southern New Jersey to Florida.

What were two key technological improvements that aided European exploration?

Gunpowder and the sailing compass.

What invention led to the spread of knowledge across Europe?

The printing press.

For what purpose did Portugal begin trading for slaves from West Africa in the 15th century?

Sugar plantations.

Name five crops that Europeans learned about from the Americas.

Beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco.

Name four things that were introduced to the Americas from Europe.

Sugarcane, bluegrass, pigs, and horses.

What diseases decimated the native population after contact with Europeans?

Smallpox and measles.

What treaty divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal?

Treaty of Tordesillas.

Who were the Spanish conquistadors who conquered the Aztecs and Incas?

Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro.

What system did the Spanish implement that granted land and natives to individual Spaniards?

Encomienda system.

Under what system were the Spanish required to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas?

Asiento system.

Who established the first permanent French settlement in America?

Samuel de Champlain.

What area did the Dutch claim for economic gain?

The Hudson River.

What was the first permanent Spanish settlement in North America?

St. Augustine, Florida.

What event was caused by the harsh efforts to Christianize Native Americans in Santa Fe, New Mexico?

Pueblo Revolt of 1680.

Who became an advocate for better treatment of Native Americans under Spanish rule?

Bartolomé de Las Casas.

What laws did Bartolomé de Las Casas persuade the king to institute?

New Laws of 1542.

What was the name of the debate over the role for Indians in the Spanish colonies from 1550-1551?

Valladolid Debate.

How did English policy towards Native Americans evolve over time, contrasting initial interactions with later actions?

Initially they coexisted, traded, and shared ideas; later, the English took land and forced tribes to move.

How did French policy toward Native Americans differ from Spanish and English policies?

Viewed them as potential economic and military allies, seeking furs and converts to Catholicism.

What were the main social effects of European exploration and settlement on European, American, and African people?

The spread of Christianity and Catholicism, discrimination against Native Americans, and social hierarchies related to race.

What were the major political effects of European exploration and settlement, especially concerning Native Americans and land division?

The desire for English and Spanish expansion, the wiping out of Native American populations due to diseases, and the establishment of social hierarchies.

What were the primary economic motivations and consequences of European exploration, emphasizing specific colonial activities and their impact?

French expansion through the fur trade, Spanish colonies exploiting mining resources, and the Dutch West India Trading Company controlling colonies for economic gains.